Fingerprinting of High Boiling Hydrocarbon Fuels,Asphalts and Lubricants

Fingerprinting of hydrocarbon products requires high resolution differentiation of individual hydrocarbon compounds in any mixture. This requires the applications of various measuring techniques. In this paper, we have chosen the heavy hydrocarbons in fuels, lubricants and paving material as examples to discuss the methods for chemical characterization and differentiation. In the category most frequently termed "semi-volatile hydrocarbons" with boiling points from about 500°F to 1200°F or higher, there are several families of hydrocarbons, both natural and refined that are not easily distinguished by conventional EPA tests. Among the groups which we will use as examples are asphalts, hydraulic fluid, transmission oil, motor lubricating oils, heating oils, crude oil and coal. These hydrocarbon families are best studied using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in full scan mode and characterizing various homologous series of hydrocarbons at known fragment ions. The hydrocarbon series providing the best information are: (1) N -alkanes; (2) iso-alkanes; (3) steranes; (4) terpanes; (5) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; (6) aromatic steranes; and (7) specific polycyclic compounds.     

湿法净化黑烟中添加剂对炭黑沉降性能的影响

湿法净化黑烟中炭黑颗粒物的关键在于降低吸收液的表面张力并以高性能絮凝剂使其从溶液中絮凝、沉降以利于分离。选用十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)为主要表面活性剂,使之与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)进行复配实验,研究了复配液的表面张力,再向最低表面张力的复配表面活性剂溶液中投加絮凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),探讨絮凝剂的添加对黑烟颗粒沉降和絮凝的影响.实验结果表明:同时添加表面活性剂CTAB,SDBS和PAC,并使之浓度分别为0.5 mmol/L,0.4 mmol/L和200 mg/L时,炭黑颗粒的沉降效果最好,沉降率高达94%,且絮凝体较大,沉降时间仅为2 min。     

工业废水中多金属离子的吸附净化

以含有Si、Al、Ca、C元素的矿物材料作为基质,经特定条件处理后造粒成型加工成轻质多孔Si-Al-Ca-C结构的吸附材料。研究了该吸附材料对工业废水中多种金属离子的吸附性能,探讨了影响吸附性能的因素。研究结果表明,在一定条件下,Si-Al-Ca-C吸附材料对工业废水中Al3+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mg2+、As3+和Zn2+的净化率分别高达99.34%、99.82%、98.26%、98.16%、97.76%、97.01%、100%和89.09%。金属离子残留浓度分别为0.152、0.07、0.012、0.02、0.119、0.311、0和0.259 mg/L,均低于国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

改进的TLI指数法及其在巢湖营养状态评价中的应用

对巢湖2000—2008年的监测数据运用SPSS做统计分析,得出叶绿素a与总氮、总磷和透明度的相关系数。通过得出的权重结果,分析出与26个湖泊的差异性,构建了改进的综合营养状态指数(TLI)评价方法,并提出评价的4个步骤。以巢湖为例,运用该方法对湖泊的营养状态进行评价,且对巢湖的富营养化程度做了年际和年内变化的综合评价,评价结果显示各营养物指标的相关关系在近30年有了较大变化,巢湖的富营养化现象已日益严重,已从轻度富营养化状态转变为中度富营养化状态。     

一种新型活性半焦吸附剂的制备及其表面特征分析

对一种原料半焦进行粉碎、筛分,取其中10～20目的颗粒;用去离子水冲洗后高温下烘干至恒重;依次进行HNO3活化、KOH活化和加压水热化学活化,制备出活性半焦吸附剂。经实验证明,该活性半焦吸附剂对甲苯的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,其甲苯吸附容量可达207 mg/g,穿透时间由80 min延长至235 min。该活性半焦吸附剂的比表面积为555.56 m2/g,碘值为811.38 mg/g,表面酸碱总量为0.8649 mmol/g,并通过SEM扫描进行了表面微观形态分析。数据表明,经改性后制备出的新型活性半焦对甲苯的去除率明显增加,其表面物化性质也有明显改变,是一种优良的有机废气吸附剂。     

臭氧催化氧化工艺深度处理印染废水

采用正交实验对催化剂NiO/γ-A12O3的制备条件进行优化,并探讨臭氧催化氧化法对于印染废水的深度处理效能.结果表明,最优的催化剂制备条件为:浸渍液浓度为3％、浸渍时间为4h、灼烧温度为450℃、灼烧时间为3h.臭氧催化氧化反应15 min时,COD浓度由84.22 mg/L降低至50.00 mg/L以下;氨氮浓度由10.88 mg/L降低至5.01 mg/L;色度去除率达到69％,明显高于单纯臭氧氧化的反应效率.     

羧酸盐型双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以月桂酰氯、乙二胺与丁二酸酐为原料合成了一种羧酸盐型双子(gemini)表面活性剂。采用IR、1 HNMR对中间产物和目标产物进行结构表征,并考察了合成所得羧酸盐型gemini表面活性剂的表面活性。结果表明:合成产物即为目标产物。合成产物的临界胶束浓度为0.027mmol/L,比普通单链表面活性剂低2～3个数量级,表面张力最低可降至29.5mN/m。     

中原油田开展清洁生产工作的几点体会

中原油田自2008年以来全面推行清洁生产工作,取得了丰硕的成果。文章结合中原油田实施清洁生产的实际,论述了中原油田有效开展清洁生产审核、建立清洁生产长效机制的一些经验和实际做法。中原油田经过努力,油区环境质量得到改善,为构建资源节约型、环境友好型企业奠定了基础。     

我国城镇居民环保事务参与的性别差异分析

从行为参与、管理参与和环境意识三个方面阐述了当前环保事务参与中存在的性别差异问题;从社会结构的视角分析了性别化对环保参与现状的影响。针对存在的问题和制约因素,从社会系统、社会资源和环境意识三个方面提出发展建议。     

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin,Northern China1

Ji, Yuhe, Liding Chen, and Ranhao Sun, 2012. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 999‐1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00671.x Abstract: Water resources are becoming increasingly stressed under the influence of climate change and population growth in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Assessing the temporal and spatial variability of water supply stress is urgently needed to mitigate water crisis caused by water resource reallocation. Water supply and use data were compiled for the time period of 1998‐2003 in this synthesis study. The Water Supply Stress Index (WSSI) as defined as Water Demand/Water Supply was used to quantitate whether water supply could meet the demand of human activities across the study region. We found a large spatial gradient of water supply stress in the study region, being much higher in the eastern subbasins (ranging from 2.56 to 4.31) than the west subbasins (ranging from 0.56 to 1.92). The eastern plain region not only suffered more serious water supply stress but also had a much higher interannual variability than the western hilly region. The uneven spatial distribution of water supply stress might result from the distribution of land use, population, and climate. Future climate change and rapid economic development are likely to aggravate the existing water crisis in the study region.