Multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy for improved DOM characterization and water quality monitoring

Conventionally, resin fractionation (RF) method has been widely used to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) found in different source waters based on general and broad DOM fractions grouping. In this study, a new refined method using multistep, microvolume resin fractionation combined with excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (MSM-RF-EEMS) was developed for further isolation and characterization of subfractions within the primary DOM fractions separated from using the conventional RF method. Subsequently, its feasibility in indicating the occurrence of urban pollution in source waters was also assessed. Results from using the new MSM-RF-EEMS method strongly illustrated that several organic subfractions still exist within the regarded primary pure hydrophobic acid (HoA) fraction including the humic- and fulvic-like organic matters, tryptophan- and tyrosine-like proteins. It was found that by using the MSM-RF-EEMS method, the organic subfractions present within the primary DOM fraction could be easily identified and characterized. Further validation on the HoA fraction using the MSM-RF-EEMS method revealed that the constant association of EEM peak T1 (tryptophan) fraction could specifically be used to indicate the occurrence of urban pollution in source water. The correlation analysis on the presence of EEM peak T2 (tyrosine) fraction could be used as a supplementary proof to further verify the presence of urban pollution in source waters. These findings on using the presence of EEM peaks T1 and T2 within the primary HoA fraction would be significant and useful for developing a sensory device for online water quality monitoring.     

波流组合作用下钢板桩围堰的受力分析*

在涨落潮明显的河道中,如何在波流组合作用下确定钢板桩围堰的最小埋置深度,对钢板桩围堰的设计、施工具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。采用三维源汇分布法建立了大尺度结构物波浪力的数学计算模型,并叠加了通过《公路桥涵设计通用规范》相关公式得出的水流力,确定了围堰结构所承受的波流组合作用力。然后通过某实际工程的钢板桩围堰在"强流水、弱波浪"荷载组合和"强流水、强波浪"荷载组合下的围堰最小埋置深度的应用算例,验证了本文方法的可行性。最后讨论了波流组合作用与矩形围堰结构位移、转角的关系,并对影响围堰埋置深度的因素做了多参数分析,并得出了一些有益结论。     

理顺运转机制,做好环境保护工作

阐述了环境管理，环境监测，环境监测三者之间的相互关系，并对三者之间的交叉点，矛盾点做了进一步的探讨和分析，提出了可行性的建议，以期形成统一，高效，具有强大战斗力的一支环保队伍。     

Spatial distribution and speciation of mercury and methyl mercury in the surface water of East River (Dongjiang) tributary of Pearl River Delta, South China

Purpose  

The distribution and speciation of mercury in surface water of East River, Guangdong province, China were investigated.     

Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China

Background and purpose

Estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in environment are receiving significant attention because of their potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence and seasonal variability of eight kinds of estrogenic compounds and 14 antibiotics. The study developed an occurrence database of the estrogenic compounds and antibiotics in spatial and temporal scale in Jiulongjiang River, South China, to provide useful information for environmental management of this region.

Methods

Eight estrogenic compounds and 14 antibiotic compounds were detected in Jiulongjiang River from 19 sampling sites during high-flow and low-flow season in surface water. The samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction for analysis. Eight estrogenic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A-5975C), and antibiotics were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC?CMS/MS) system (ABI 3200 Q TRAP).

Results

All target compounds could be detected, except 17??-ethynylestradiol, sulfamerazine, and ofloxacin. The median concentrations for seven estrogenic compounds ranged from 6.00 to 610.72?ng/L, with the detection frequency range of 16.00?C100%. However, the detection frequencies of 13 antibiotics detected varied from 50% to 100%, with the median concentrations ranged from 0.89 to 117.97?ng/L. Seasonal variations were obvious for most estrogenic compounds in Jiulongjiang River, except for octylphenol and estriol. There were significant (P?Conclusion The Jiulongjiang River water was more seriously contaminated by diethylstilbestrol, estrone, sulfamethazine, and tetracyclines. Higher overall concentration levels of estrogenic compounds and antibiotics were detected in low-flow water than those in high-flow water. The pollution of estrogenic compounds and antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River mainly came from municipal sewage and livestock breeding activities.     

孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响

测定了室温下3种活性炭(GAC-C、GAC-P和GAC-T)对CO2、CH4和N2的吸附性能,并对颗粒活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质进行了表征,探讨了孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明:由于吸附机理、孔结构、表面含氧官能团和分子极性的差异,CO2、CH4和N2在活性炭上的饱和吸附量和吸附常数的关系为CO2>CH4>N2;CH4和N2的饱和吸附量主要受活性炭微孔孔容的影响,N2和CO2饱和吸附量的差异分别是由0.572～2.0 nm的微孔和0.4～6 nm的孔引起的;CH4吸附常数主要受较大中孔和大孔影响,N2吸附常数与微孔密切相关,大孔对CO2的吸附常数影响最大。     

笼状填料式厌氧折流反应器处理啤酒废水

以ABR反应器为基础,采用笼状填料,增加了缺氧与好氧段,设计了新型的ABR;以啤酒废水为处理对象,考察了新型反应器的启动过程,研究了新型反应器对废水COD的去除效果,分析了HRT、有机容积负荷对COD去除的影响,探讨了新型反应器处理过程中的pH变化及其原因,阐述了笼状填料截留和微生物的附着生长是出水SS较低的原因,出水氨氮浓度较低是增设的缺氧段和好氧段共同作用的结果。实验结果表明,其COD去除效率达96%,有机容积负荷约0.647～1.745 kg/(m3.d);当进水量为50 L/d时,其出水水质达到啤酒废水排放标准。     

混凝+芬顿法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液色度去除

垃圾渗滤液经一般生化处理后色度很大。对混凝和芬顿法结合深度处理垃圾渗滤液对色度去除进行了研究。混凝段通过中心复合设计(简称CCD)和响应面方法(简称RSM)分析了混凝的色度去除率的响应特征,建立了实际因素的最终方程模型:Y(色度去除率,%)=-553.40+73.74A+229.06B+0.38AB-34.16A2-22.67B2,(Y、A、B分别代表色度去除率、投加量和pH)并对絮凝条件进行优化,得到混凝反应的最佳优化条件:投加量1.11 g/L,pH 5.06,及在此条件下的去除率67.2%。在芬顿段,将芬顿反应对水中亲水性有机物相对含量(UV254)与对色度的去除特征相结合进行了研究,证明色度的去除跟该类有机物的去除有关,色度去除率最优值条件选择为H2O2/COD=1.0,Fe2+/H2O2=0.35∶1,而初始pH=2.5时对色度的去除达到99%以上。整个工艺出水可达到达标排放标(GB16889-2008)。     

长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性

应用荧光发射光谱、荧光激发 发射光谱矩阵（EEMs）结合紫外 可见光吸收光谱对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特性进行了研究。通过应用吸收指数E2/E3、荧光指数〖WTBX〗f450/f〖WTBZ〗500和三维荧光光谱特征指纹等参数,对长江重庆段主城水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM) 的来源、组成和空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明：沉积物溶解性有机质以类胡敏酸为主,其他的类富里酸、水体微生物代谢物质和类蛋白物质均有检出,陆源输入为水体沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)主要来源,并且荧光强度在空间分布上呈现先升高后降低再升高的趋势     

高聚聚硫氯化铝混凝去除水中腐殖酸

采用快速加碱法制备了分别以Al13和Al30为主要水解形态的聚合氯化铝PAC-Al13和高聚聚合氯化铝PACAl30。通过向PAC-Al30中引入SO2-4/Al3+摩尔比为0.06的SO2-4离子,制得高聚聚硫氯化铝SPAC-Al30。激光散射粒径分析以及Ferron逐时络合比色结果表明,加入SO2-4后SPAC-Al30的平均粒径增大为4.85 nm,高聚合水解形态Alc含量分别比PAC-Al13和PAC-Al30提高52.7%和17.5%。ζ电位分析以及烧杯混凝实验结果表明,SPAC-Al30的电中和能力不及PACAl30和PAC-Al13,混凝去除水中腐殖酸的效果却有显著提高,且由于SPAC-Al30较为温和的电中和性能,在混凝剂投量较高时不易出现再稳现象。SPAC-Al30的纳米级分子尺寸和高聚合水解形态有利于其发挥更优的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,SPAC-Al30是去除水中腐殖酸的一种新型高效混凝剂。