基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架探讨

现有城镇建设用地配置主要遵循空间开发导向,利用静态数据和用地分配标准、评估及预测模型开展,存在一定的“区域偏好”和“规模求大”现象。在强调生态文明建设和高质量发展的新时期,国土空间规划战略实施要求城镇建设用地配置方法需要及时革新。关注到信息或智能技术深度影响下未来城镇场所空间将转变为流动空间这一必然趋势,不同尺度生产、生活及生态要素时空流动与分配将是城镇建设用地科学配置的关键。因此,利用多源要素流大数据和多学科分析方法,试图从城镇空间发展水平评价、城镇要素流动网络时空模拟与用地分配、城镇要素功能区识别与开发边界划定、城镇建设用地配置效果动态评估4个方面,建立基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架。结果表明：（1）城镇空间发展水平评价需要综合考虑城镇对区域现状要素控制、吸引及溢出的能力,并从空间发展规模、活力及品质三个层面构建评价指标体系;（2）在城镇建设用地指标区域分配过程中注重利用网络优化模型和社会网络分析方法刻画区域要素流动规律,并通过时空耦合模型找出不同等级和类型“空间发展水平—要素控制力”组合的城镇;（3）城镇未来扩展方向和边界形态是由内部各类要素流动变化与功能空间布局的供需时空匹配情况决定的,需要利用时空耦合、引力、CA及多智能体等模型识别要素功能影响区和流动偏好;（4）城镇建设用地配置效果评估指标需要体现生态文明、高质量、智慧治理及一体化等未来城镇发展要求和趋势。这些研究结果可以为国土空间规划城镇开发边界划定和实施提供参考。     

Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...     

亚热带稻区大气NO2、HNO3及硝态氮污染特征及干湿沉降

二氧化氮(NO_2)和硝酸(HNO_3)是大气中的酸性含氮污染气体,是形成气溶胶和雨水硝态氮的重要前体物质,在高强度的大气氮氧化物排放下,我国亚热带稻区农业生态系统大气NO_2、HNO_3气体及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮污染特征及其干湿沉降量尚不清楚.本研究选取我国亚热带丘陵区一个典型双季稻区,对大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、气溶胶和雨水硝态氮浓度及相关气象因子进行了同步监测,旨在明确大气NO_2-N、HNO_3-N及气溶胶、雨水硝态氮浓度特征及其影响因素,并定量其干湿沉降量.结果表明,大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、大气颗粒物PM_(10)中NO_3~--N_p、雨水中NO_3~--N_r年均浓度分别为4.2μg·m~(-3)、0.7μg·m~(-3)、4.0μg·m~(-3)和1.0 mg·L~(-1),年氮沉降量分别为1.5、3.2、2.3和6.1 kg·hm~(-2).NO_2-N浓度与气温呈负相关;HNO_3-N浓度与风速呈负相关;NO_3~--N_p浓度与气温呈负相关,与NO_2-N浓度呈正相关,与HNO_3-N浓度未显著相关,表明NO_2-N浓度在本研究区域是形成NO_3~--N_p污染的重要限制因子;NO_3~--N_r浓度与降雨量呈负相关,与HNO_3-N浓度和NO_3~--N_p浓度呈正相关.本研究区域大气中NO_2-N、HNO_3-N、NO_3~--N_p及雨水NO_3~--N_r年总干湿沉降量为13.0 kg·hm~(-2),是稻田重要的氮素来源,对稻田及周边生态系统的影响不容忽视.     

海上溢油指纹鉴别技术现状及展望

简要回顾了海上溢油污染概况,介绍了国内外溢油鉴别方法:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法等,指出了未来海上溢油指纹鉴别技术的发展方向。     

反应堆压力容器主螺栓水压试验拉伸量调整力学分析评价

目的针对某核电站反应堆压力容器主螺栓残余拉伸量与设计要求(1.63±0.03) mm有出入,个别测试数据不在设计要求范围内的情况,对出厂水压试验工况拉伸量验收值进行调整。方法考虑上述拉伸量偏差对螺栓载荷的影响,从应力、疲劳和密封角度展开系统分析,对螺栓、螺纹、连接法兰及反应堆压力容器密封性能分别进行详细的力学评价。结果根据评价结果,对出厂水压试验工况拉伸量验收值进行两次调整,最终确定为(1.68±0.03) mm。结论该机组反应堆压力容器出厂水压试验各项指标满足要求,针对上述拉伸量调整的力学评价合理性得到有效验证。     

1961～2015年贵州高原≥10℃积温时空变化特征

为揭示贵州高原≥10℃积温精细动态变化,以81个气象站点1961～2015年气温资料及地理信息数据为数据源,采用积温倾向率、累计距平、滑动T检验、小波分析、多元回归分析等统计方法,分析≥10℃的积温整体变化及周期变化,模拟各年代积温带空间变化。结果表明:(1) 1961～2015年≥10℃积温平均值为5 147. 22℃,1997年前后发生由冷到暖的突变,积温变化主周期约为3～5年,8年;(2) 1961～2015年、1961～1996年、1997～2015年≥10℃积温倾向率均值分别为49. 5℃/10a、-28. 1℃/10a、123. 5℃/10a,1961～1996年表现为降温趋势,1997～2015年表现为升温趋势,三个时间段积温倾向率均未通过显著性检验;(3)多元回归拟合≥10℃积温年代际空间分布,复相关系数均高于0. 92,积温空间分布呈现由西向东、由北向南升高的趋势;(4)不同年代际间积温带动态变化差异较大,1980s后约有60%以上区域表现为积温带Ⅱ升为积温带Ⅲ,积温带Ⅲ升为Ⅳ,1990s后降温区域消失。积温资源的增加对受高原气候限制的贵州高原有重要影响,对调整农业气候区划,确定作物种植区域以及最优化利用热量资源更具有针对性。     

Effects of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate pretreatment on characteristics of sewage sludge

Recently, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS) was found to play an important role in the sludge pretreatment process. However, the effects of THPS pretreatment on the characteristics of sewage sludge are still insufficiently understood.The properties of sludge after pretreatment with different concentrations of THPS were investigated in this study. The results showed that pH, dewatering ability, and particle size of sludge decreased with increase in THPS concentration. The volatile suspended solids(VSS) and total suspended solids(TSS) of sludge also decreased slightly with increase in THPS concentration. The specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) results suggested that lower THPS concentrations(≤ 1.87 mg/g VSS) enhanced the activity of sludge, but higher concentrations(≥ 1.87 mg/g VSS) inhibited it. Gram-negative bacteria with peritrichous flagellation(such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Faecalibacterium) were extremely sensitive to THPS. The decrease in specific most probable numbers(MPNs) of pathogens(total coliforms and Escherichia coli) with the increase in THPS concentration also proved the sterilization ability of THPS in the sludge pretreatment process. Pretreatment of sludge with concentrations of THPS higher than 37.41 mg/g VSS would meet the pathogen requirements for land application of Class A biosolids.     

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

垃圾填埋有色溶解性有机质与铜络合机制

为了阐明填埋场中重金属的形态演变机制,采用三维荧光光谱、荧光猝灭滴定技术及平行因子分析,研究了不同填埋年限垃圾中有色溶解性有机物(colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM)与Cu(Ⅱ)的络合过程.结果表明,填埋垃圾CDOM中含有类蛋白、类富里酸及类胡敏酸物质,随着填埋时间的延伸,类蛋白物质含量呈下降趋势,而类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量呈上升趋势.填埋垃圾CDOM中类蛋白物质对Cu(Ⅱ)络合能力和参与络合的荧光基团比例存在差异,络合的条件稳定常数在4.00~5.75之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在22.78%~95.30%之间;而类腐殖质与Cu(Ⅱ)作用的条件稳定常数和参与络合的荧光基团比例变化较小,类胡敏酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.71~5.54之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在42.35%~61.46%之间,类富里酸物质与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数在4.44~5.25之间,参与络合的荧光基团比例在46.14%~57.22%之间.类富里酸和类胡敏酸与Cu(Ⅱ)的结合能力都随着填埋年限的增加而降低,但参与络合的荧光基团比例增加,并且类胡敏酸物质与重金属的结合能力强于类富里酸,但参与配位的官能团较类富里酸少.