Copper fractionation with dissolved organic matter in natural waters and wastewater--a mixed micelle mediated methodology (cloud point extraction) employing flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A cloud point extraction-preconcentration methodology for the speciation analysis of free and organically complexed metal species in natural waters is presented. The method is based on the neutralization of the electrostatic charge of the humate-metal complexes with a positively charged surfactant in a high ionic strength solution environment. The resulting complexes are conveniently solubilized in the micelles of a non-ionic surfactant medium and are thus separated from the bulk aqueous phase. Free metal species are also determined by complexation with a conventional chelating agent under mild conditions. The overall procedure is easy, rapid and allows for a high sample throughput in terms of massive analysis of many samples in the same time period. The method offers substantially low detection limits of 8.5 and 0.9 micrograms l-1 for bound and labile species respectively, with a calibration curve rectilinear in the wide range 40-150 micrograms l-1 for the humate associated and 4-40 micrograms l-1 for the free metal species. The method is free from interferences yielding recoveries in the range 97-102% for various samples of different matrixes.     

Copper, Copper Mining Effluents and Grazing as Potential Determinants of Algal Abundance and Diversity in Northern Chile

We experimentally tested threealternative hypotheses to explain the low algaldiversity and abundance in an intertidal zonereceiving the effluents of the copper mine El Salvadorin northern Chile. Our results demonstrated thatalgae were able to grow at the levels of dissolvedcopper detected in coastal waters of the area. Duringthe assays, growth and regeneration in several red,green and brown adult algae and juvenile Lessonia nigrescens were normal at copper levels of150 g L^-1 or, in some cases, higher. Wealso found that the coastal sea water mixed with theeffluent was not lethal to algae, although in somecases minor effects on growth were detected. Theseresults indicate that today's low algal diversity andabundance can not be explained by the current copperlevels in the area nor by the effect of the effluent.Exclusion of grazers, however, resulted in a fastcolonization by various algal species. This, togetherwith atypically high grazer density at the areas underthe influence of the effluent, strongly suggests thatherbivory, a factor not directly related to the miningoperation, is likely to be responsible for the lowalgal diversity and abundance in the studied locality.     

Copper mine tailing disposal in northern Chile rocky shores: Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta) as a sentinel species

The study assesses the ecological impact caused by the El Salvador untreated (1975–1990) and treated (1991–1994) copper mine tailings on rocky intertidal communities in and around the dumping site at Caleta Palito, northern Chile. Ecological changes are monitored for 16 years in polluted and unpolluted sites within a geographical area of 90 km. Copper concentration levels in water and the intertidal Chlorophyta E. compressa are presented. The results confirm a notorious reduction in the number of species and significant differences between polluted and unpolluted intertidal communities. At polluted sites, following the initiation of the disposal, all species of invertebrates and algae disappeared and primary space (rock) was partially or completely dominated by E. compressa along more than a decade. Its persistence in these sites supports the view that this taxon is a sentinel species resisting high levels of copper pollution. During the past four years, following the steps given to treat the tailings, at polluted sites there are preliminary indications showing increases in the number of species of algae and invertebrate. The need for future monitoring to elucidate ecosystem restoration processes is discussed.     

新型厌氧反应器处理生活污水的研究进展

新型高速厌氧反应器的发生使生活污水的厌氧处理成功可能，介绍了几种厌氧反应器的特点及其在生活污水处理中的研究现状。     

施用农药化肥对滇池水体影响的调研报告

以滇池流域呈贡县花卉、蔬菜的种植为研究对象,进行了化肥农药施用造成的面源污染调查,分析了N、P对滇池水体的污染,初步提出了控制对策。     

浅析基于科学发展观的太仓市水资源保护措施

本文以江苏省太仓市为实例，结合当今国内快速城市化地区水资源的保护现状，吸取了美国等发达国家对于城市水资源保护的先进理念和科学方法，有针对性地提出了基于科学发展观的当地水资源保护的有效措施，可供类似地区借鉴。     

Proton binding by humic and fulvic acids from pig slurry and amended soils

The knowledge of acid-base characteristics of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) fractions of organic amendments and amended soils is of considerable importance for assessing their agronomic efficacy and environmental impact. In this work, the acid-base properties of HAs and FAs isolated from pig slurry, soils amended with either 90 or 150 m(3) ha(-1) yr(-1) of pig slurry for 3 yr, and the corresponding nonamended control soil were investigated by using a current potentiometric titration method. The nonideal competitive adsorption (NICA) model that describes proton binding by two classes of binding sites (carboxylic- and phenolic-type groups) was successfully fit to titration data. With respect to the control soil HA and FA, pig-slurry HA and FA were generally characterized by smaller carboxylic-type group contents, slightly smaller phenolic-type group contents, larger affinities for proton binding by the carboxylic-type groups, and much smaller, in the case of the HA fraction, or similar, in the case of the FA fraction, affinities for proton binding by the phenolic-type groups. Amendment with pig slurry determined a number of modifications in soil HAs and FAs, including decrease of acidic functional group contents, and slight increase of the proton affinity of the carboxylic-type groups. Further, a slight decrease of the affinities for proton binding by the phenolic-type groups of HAs was observed. These effects can have a large impact on the biological availability, mobilization, and transport of macro- and micronutrients, toxic metal ions, and xenobiotic organic cations in pig slurry-amended soils.     

三峡库区支流的河-湖两态及其对沉积物不同形态磷含量的影响

三峡大坝独特的调度运行方式决定了三峡库区支流在水动力方面显著区别于自然河流.为探究库区特殊调水机制下支流沉积物内源磷的动态变化,于2016年在库区北岸最大支流澎溪河中游的高阳平湖段进行了 8次(1、3～8和10月,每月一次)水体和沉积物样品采集,分析其不同形态磷含量,并对流速、水深和沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性等进行了一系列分...     

基于AWRSEI的岱海流域生态环境质量时空演变及驱动因子分析

流域是重要的生态安全屏障和社会经济发展区域,为了更加客观准确地评价干旱和半干旱区流域生态环境质量,基于遥感生态指数（RSEI）引入盐度指标构建适用于干旱和半干旱区流域的遥感生态指数（AWRSEI）并以岱海流域为例分析其适用性.基于AWRSEI模型,采用4期Landsat TM/OLI合成影像,对2001~2020年岱海流域的生态环境质量进行定量评价,通过变异系数和空间自相关分析岱海流域生态环境质量时空演变规律,并通过地理探测器进行成因分析和驱动因子解释力分析.结果表明：①AWRSEI与各生态因子的平均相关系数为0.860,比单个指标分量更具代表性;第一主成分的荷载正负值和排序与RSEI一致,特征值贡献率比RSEI高3.69%,评价结果与真实地表情况更为接近,适合用于干旱区流域的生态环境质量评价.②岱海流域2001~2020年AWRSEI指数的年均值为0.427,生态环境质量基础较差,期间AWRSEI的均值呈现波动上升的趋势,并且在2020年均值达到最高0.502.整体生态环境质量明显好转,恶化区域减少了20.51%,改善区域增加了12.71%.空间分布上,岱海流域南部和西北部高海拔地区的林地生态环境质量优,北部和南部中海拔地区生态环境质量较差,湖区北侧生态环境质量优于南侧.③岱海流域AWRSEI变异系数平均值为0.280,生态环境质量状况稳定,整体变化波动较小,高波动主要集中在湖区南侧和居民点区域.岱海流域生态环境质量存在显著的空间自相关性,高-高集聚区主要分布在高海拔的林地区域和低海拔耕地区域;低-低集聚区零星分布在中海拔区域.④2001~2020年岱海流域生态环境的提升主要由于NDVI提高,NDBSI和NDSI降低.NDVI和NDBSI是交互作用最强的组合,对生态环境的解释力最强.土地利用是AWRSEI的主导因子,解释力最强.土地利用和气象因子的组合是交互作用最强,且各驱动因子之间均为增强关系.     

Enhanced performance of alkali-modified Bi2WO6/Bi0.15Ti0.85O2 toward photocatalytic oxidation of HCHO under visible light

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Photocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) is considered as one of the promising ways to resolve indoor air HCHO pollution. TiO2 has been well...