Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (R_F:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R_F:Al ≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R_F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R_F:Al (i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R_F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)₃ precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)_nF_m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al–F complexes at high R_F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R_F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd^2 + and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R_F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

北京城郊PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了解北京市PM_(2.5)中金属元素的污染来源及其潜在生态风险,分别在北京城区(东直门)和郊区(怀柔)建立观测站点,使用中流量颗粒物采样器采集样品.利用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)分析其中的16种金属元素的质量浓度.结果表明,北京市城区PM_(2.5)的总平均浓度为92.35μg·m~(-3),超标率(PM_(2.5)的浓度超过我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)的天数占总天数的比例)为41.7%,郊区PM_(2.5)的总平均浓度为70.90μg·m~(-3),超标率为31.7%.北京城郊金属元素的时空变化主要趋势为:夜间浓度略高于日间,秋冬质量浓度高于春夏,城区浓度大于郊区.通过计算富集因子表明,北京城区Pb、As、Zn、Ni、Cu和郊区Pb、As、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu金属元素来自人为活动.地累积指数法分析可知,Ni的I_(geo)值为0.79,受到人为和自然源的共同影响,而Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb有着中度以上的污染,受到人类活动的影响较大,例如煤燃烧、汽车尾气、刹车及轮胎磨损等.北京城郊生态风险指数极强,对于元素单项污染物生态风险,Cd的风险极强,Cu、Zn、Pb的单项污染物生态风险较强.     

三亚湾沉积柱有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

采用GC-ECD内标法测定了三亚沉积柱状样中有机氯农药的含量,并以210Pb同位素法对柱样定年,探讨了柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征及可能来源.结果表明:沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为0.04～1.46和0.01～0.59ng.g-1(以干重计,下同);自20世纪60年代开始大量使用OCPs后,沉积柱中OCPs在1965年、1971年和1975年分别出现了3个峰值;在我国禁止生产和使用OCPs后,柱样中OCPs含量自1986年后略有降低;自1990年起,OCPs含量明显增加,变化幅度较大,其含量变化与三亚发展建设有关.研究区域调查显示,近年来有林丹的输入,HCHs在沉积柱样表层富集较明显;在该偏氧化的沉积环境中,(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的值逐渐变小,且大部分均小于0.5,说明可能有新的DDTs输入.     

复合人工湿地系统对低污染水总氮的净化效果及其微生物群落结构特征

为了解复合人工湿地系统对低污染水中总氮的处理效果及微生物群落结构特征,以表流-潜流-沉水植物塘构建的复合人工湿地系统为研究对象,研究该系统对低污染水中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO-2-N的去除效果,并采用高通量测序揭示各级单元微生物群落结构与差异性.结果表明:复合人工湿地系统在0.12～0.24 m3/(m2...     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化微生物燃料电池脱氮产电性能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥到微生物燃料电池阳极,成功启动厌氧氨氧化微生物燃料电池(ANAMMOX-MFC),研究了葡萄糖和苯酚对ANAMMOX-MFC脱氮产电性能的影响.结果表明,当葡萄糖浓度较低时(100~200 mg·L~(-1))时,对ANAMMOX菌有促进作用,ANAMMOX-MFC脱氮产电性能增强,此时反应器进出水COD浓度变化不大;当葡萄糖浓度高于300 mg·L~(-1)时,产电性能逐渐下降,NH+4-N去除率和去除速率逐渐下降,而NO-2-N去除率和去除速率基本保持不变,此时出水COD浓度也出现降低,说明厌氧氨氧化菌活性受到抑制,反硝化菌活性开始增强.极化曲线拟合程度较低,COD浓度变化对电池内阻影响较小.当苯酚浓度较低时(50~100 mg·L~(-1)),对ANAMMOX-MFC脱氮产电性能影响较低;当苯酚浓度超过200 mg·L~(-1)时,ANAMMOX-MFC脱氮产电性能逐渐被抑制.整个过程进出水COD浓度变化不大,极化曲线拟合程度较低,表观内阻有缓慢升高.     

军用飞机结构局部环境谱编制方法研究

根据实测得到的某型飞机典型结构温、湿度数据,采用模糊聚类方法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0.7时,飞机结构可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3类典型结构.选取典型开式结构,使用回归法建立开式结构温、湿度预测模型,根据预测模型计算结果对某机场环境谱进行修正计算,编制开式结构局部环境谱,得到的局部环境谱较机场环境谱潮湿空气作用时间比例增加了1.78%.     

试论浙闽赣地区非海相侏罗、白垩系界线

本文通过对区内所产双壳类、昆虫、介形类、鱼类、植物与孢粉等六个门类化石组合特征与序列及其所属时代的分析研究,认为寿昌早期至晚期生物群有明显的更替现象,前者归建德生物群早期组合,后者属建德生物群晚期组合,并结合岩石组合特征与火山活动,将浙闽赣地区非海相侏罗、白垩系界线置于寿昌组中段与上段及与其相当岩组之间,同时提出国内有关地区两系界线划分的建议。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定水质中氨氮时温度对纳氏试剂的影响

文中探讨了纳氏比色法测定水质重氨氮过程中温度对纳氏试剂配制和贮存的影响，并提出了解决措施和注意事项。     

市政污水管网中汞污染来源行业浅析

城市污水管网中的涉汞行业,主要包括医疗机构、电器设备及器材制造业、化学原料及化学制品制造业、印刷行业等.明确各行业预处理和排放情况,并对几种典型的涉汞行业排汞与生产使用环节的关系作了分析.北京市高碑店流域包括北京市东城区、崇文区、朝阳区全部和西城区及宣武区的大部分,以高碑店流域为倒,对流域内各涉汞行业进行了统计分类,说明部分行业的汞化合物排放浓度.并提出了城市污水汞污染防治的对策和建议.