新安江水库水环境主要问题及保护对策

新安江水库是钱塘江的重要水源,对保障钱塘江中下游的生态安全和水体功能起着举足轻重的作用。为阐明新安江水库在流域经济发展和人类活动的影响下水环境的主要问题及保护对策,促进饮用水安全保障及构建健康水域生态系统,本文对新安江水库历年的水环境指标、浮游生物群落结构及其变化及水域生态灾变事件资料进行了综合分析。目前新安江水库存在上游来水变差、局部水域藻类异常增殖、渔业生产不合理、营养程度加重等众多问题,但其突出问题是藻类生物量增长过快。新安江水库水环境保护工作要从关注水质向维持生态系统健康转变,并尽快开展生态保育工作,控制流域污染、降低藻类数量、减少藻类异常增殖影响、科学合理渔业生产是其下一步保护的关键。而关于新安江水库的研究,虽然有一定的研究基础和资料,但对水域生态系统缺乏系统认识。研究气候变化条件下新安江水库水域生态系统的结构和功能以及长期演变规律;水利调度导致水位调整对区域水动力学条件、营养物输送过程的影响及评价水利调度对水库重要环境因子和生态系统影响;渔业养殖对水环境的影响,特别是鲢、鳙鱼大水面积养殖对水库生态系统的影响应是今后新安江水库主要的研究领域和方向。     

堆码试验标准差异的探讨与应用

本文介绍GJB 2711-1996中方法 13、方法 14两种堆码试验方法的异同点,以及它们与现行国家标准GB/T 4857.3-2008及GB/T 4857.4-2008中两种堆码试验方法的比较,说明堆码试验方法在国军标与国标中的共同点和差异,以及堆码试验中需要关注的问题。     

3×300t转炉二次除尘系统扩容改造

针对宝钢一炼钢3×300t转炉二次烟气严重污染室内外环境的实际情况,在兼顾节能与减排的协同原则下,确定了对原转炉二次除尘系统的扩容改造方案。竣工投运后,取得了良好的环保、节能效果。     

Roles of Scholars in the Practice of Combating-Desertification: A Case Study in Northwest China

This study investigated the perceived importance of scholars’ participation in combating-desertification programs in northwest China and analyzed the underlying factors and mechanisms. Our results show that, while various experts, professors, and researchers have participated in combating-desertification programs, their actions were often not effective. Only those scholars who understood the local situations adequately had important and positive impacts. These scholars served as information brokers between the governments and other stakeholders, entrepreneurial activity organizers for farmers, governmental representatives, or advocators for local affairs themselves. They played indispensible roles in facilitating efforts in combating desertification. The study also identified key factors that led to the success of scholars’ participation in combating-desertification activities. Our findings have practical implications for improving the effectiveness of scholars’ participation in land restoration and environmental management.     

鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤有机质及氮素空间分布特征

通过对鄱阳湖三个典型湿地植物群落带土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布特征的研究,结果表明：有机质和全氮在湿地土壤中的垂直分布规律具有一致性,表层含量显著高于下层,40 cm以下土壤养分含量基本稳定。表层土壤有机质和全氮含量不同植物群落间存在差异,有机质变化趋势为：刚毛荸荠群落带＜南荻群落带＜灰化苔草群落带;氮素含量的变化趋势为：南荻群落带＞灰化苔草群落带＞刚毛荸荠群落带。土壤碳氮比相对较低（10～23）;植物对养分的吸收能力、植被生长特征、湿地生态水文过程等影响着有机质和氮素含量的空间分布。
     

基于定量遥感技术的重庆市热岛效应

近年来,城市热岛效应不断增强,已经成为一个突出的城市环境问题。重庆市作为长江中上游特大型城市,工业发达,经济快速发展,市区热岛效应明显,但是很少对其研究。以2007年Landsat5 TM影像为数据源,利用单窗算法对重庆市城市地表温度进行反演,并进行城市地面亮温等级划分,在从城市土地利用类型、NDVI等方面对重庆市城市热岛效应强度和空间格局分布及其特征进行了探讨。结果表明：城区热岛现象显著,且分布不均匀;不同土地利用类型对热岛效应影响不同;城市地面亮温与NDVI呈明显的线性负相关关系。最后结合重庆市的特殊地形,提出了以下解决城市热岛效应的对策：加强城市规划,调整城市结构;构建最佳绿化结构,提高城市绿化率;改变能源结构,提高能源利用率,控制工厂废气排放量。     

基于CGE模型的能源税政策影响分析

在能源-环境-经济(3E)研究领域中,CGE模型得到了广泛的应用.本文通过一个10部门静态可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型定量分析中国实施能源税对经济、能源、环境以及各生产部门的影响.模型以2002年为基准年,研究设定5个情景,包括一个基准情景和四个能源税征收情景.模型模拟分析表明,征收能源税对国民经济总量增长有轻微影响;与此同时,能源税政策有利于减少能源需求量,降低能源强度,减少煤炭在能源合成品中的份额,对能源结构的改善有一定作用,并可促进产业结构的调整,有利于减少二氧化碳和二氧化硫的排放量,改善环境质量.在实施的过程中,可以采用渐进提高税率,并在征收能源税的同时,降低所得税(用能源税收入替代其它税种的收入)以及减免行政性收费等方式,实现税制的绿化,且可避免对国民经济和居民生活产生明显冲击.     

TiO2/NiFe2O2磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O2磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O2磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O2通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O2的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征.以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O2的光催化性能,在光照2 h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%.研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O2是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂.     

Retrospective assessment of air quality management practices in Taiwan

In 1995, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA/TW) instituted a policy of levying emission taxes on polluters in order to combat the rampant national issue of pollution. Since that time, pollution control strategies, tightening exhaust emission standards for industry, improvements in fuel quality, and new stricter vehicle emission standards, etc., have been implemented. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these measures and examines the improvement of Taiwan's air quality. In this paper, we conduct a detailed analysis of change in the concentrations of pollutants (SO₂, NO_x and particulate matter [PM]) between two three-year periods (from 1996 to1998 and from 2000 to 2002). The pollution levels were generally lower in the latter period. Concentrations at 14 EPA/TW stations in central Taiwan were simulated and source apportionment analyses in three of Central Taiwan's largest cities were conducted using a trajectory transfer-coefficient air quality model. Correlation coefficients (r) between simulations and observations for the monthly means of the concentrations of SO₂, NO_x, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during the study periods at the 14 stations are 0.56, 0.63, 0.70 and 0.31, respectively. The sulfur control policy greatly reduced SO₂ concentration island-wide, a stringent emission standard put into place for gasoline vehicles reduced NO_x concentration along highways, and an emissions tax placed on construction sites, as well as a regular program for road-dust sweeping, reduced primary particulate matter. Among all of the pollution abatement policies implemented, the most effective method for reducing PM_2.5 concentrations in the three largest cities involved the reduction of fine ammonium sulfate aerosols from point sources (56–63% of net PM_2.5 reduction). The next largest reduction was attributed to a diminishment in primary PM_2.5 emanating from point sources (27–56% of net PM_2.5 reduction). Secondary particulate matter, especially sulfate, was reduced from distances up to 150 km leeward of major pollution point sources such as Taichung Power Plant.