Assessment of dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in shoe manufacturing by activated carbon cloth patches

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to use activated carbon cloth (ACC) patches to study the probability and extent of dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in a shoe factory. METHODS: Inhalation and dermal exposure loading were measured simultaneously in 70 subjects on multiple days resulting in 113 observations. Dermal exposure loading was assessed by ACC patches attached to likely exposed skin areas (e.g. the palm of the hand and abdomen). A control patch at the chest and an organic vapor monitor (OVM) were used to adjust the hand and abdomen patches for the contribution from the air through passive absorption of benzene and toluene on the ACC patches. Systemic exposure was assessed by quantification of unmetabolized benzene (UBz) and toluene (UTol) in urine. RESULTS: Mean air concentrations for the study population were 1.5 and 7.5 ppm for benzene and toluene, respectively. Iterative regression analyses between the control patch, OVM and the dermal patches showed that only a small proportion of the ACC patches at the hand had likely benzene (n = 4; mean 133 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) or toluene (n = 5; mean 256 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) contamination. Positive patches were exclusively observed among subjects performing the task of gluing. Significant dermal exposure loading to the abdomen was detected only for toluene (n = 2; mean 235 microg cm(-2) h(-1)). No relation was found between having a positive hand or abdomen ACC patch and UBz or UTol levels. In contrast a strong association was found between air levels of benzene (p = 0.0016) and toluene (p < 0.0001) and their respective urinary levels. CONCLUSIONS: ACC patches are shown to be a useful technique for quantifying the probability of dermal exposure to organic solvents and to provide estimates of the potential contribution of the dermal pathway to systemic exposure. Using ACC patches we show that dermal exposure to benzene and toluene in a shoe manufacturing factory is probably rare, and when it occurred exposures were relatively low and did not significantly contribute to systemic exposure.     

Evolution of urban black and odorous water: The characteristics of microbial community and driving-factors

Urban black blooms that are primarily caused by organic carbon are deleterious environmental problems. However, detailed studies on the microbial characteristics that form urban black blooms are lacking. In this study, we observed the composition, diversity, and function of bacterial community in the overlying water and sediments during the occurrence and remediation of urban black blooms using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis. First, we found that pivotal consortia in ...     

基于风险的检测技术在炼油设备分析中的应用

运用RBI技术在加氢装置冷高压分离器和冷低压分离器及相连管线进行的RBI分析过程,并根据风险分析的结果制定了检验计划。通过这次分析,可以看到RBI分析是一个有充分数据支持的系统的程序化的分析过程,其结论反映了设备在实际操作中的真实状况,可以为制定检修计划和长期的检修策略提供较为可靠的依据。     

四联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效观察

观察奥美拉唑、枸橼酸铋钾、阿莫西林及呋喃唑酮四联疗法对消化性溃疡的疗效.方法选取96例消化性溃疡、幽门螺杆菌(HP)阳性患者,给予口服奥美拉唑20 mg+枸橼酸铋钾240 mg+阿莫西林1 g+呋喃唑酮200mg2,次/日,共14日,观察症状,并复查胃镜和HP感染情况.结果绝大部分患者症状消失,行胃镜检查和HP检测,显示溃疡面治愈或明显好转,并HP转为阴性.结论四联疗法治疗消化性溃疡的疗效可靠,副作用少,价格便宜,值得临床推广.参10.     

江西稻田红壤中丙溴磷的移动特性及其主要影响因素

用土壤薄层色谱法研究农药丙溴磷在不同层江西省稻田红壤中的移动特性及其在表层土壤中移动的主要影响因素.以稻田灌溉水为展开剂,测得丙溴磷在表、中和下层土壤薄层板上的比移值Rf分别为0.375、0.301和0.092,这表明丙溴磷在表层土壤中中等移动、中层土壤中不易移动和下层土壤中不移动,对地下水污染可能性较小,但可能对地表水会产生一定程度的污染.改变土壤有机质和黏土量,调节稻田灌溉水pH和CEC(阳离子交换量),考察这4种因素对丙溴磷在表层稻田红壤中移动的影响.结果表明,土壤有机质可抑制表层土壤中丙溴磷的移动,但起主要抑制作用的是难氧化土壤有机质;土壤黏土量与丙溴磷在土壤中的移动性呈明显的负相关,其相关系数为-0.976(n=5,P<0.05);稻田灌溉水pH>5时,表层红壤中丙溴磷的迁移随pH增大而增大;增大稻田灌溉水的CEC可促进丙溴磷在表层土壤中的移动.从同一土壤剖面来看,稻田红壤CEC和黏土量是丙溴磷在不同层土壤中移动性差异的主要影响因素.     

草甘膦对GC-1小鼠精原细胞的毒性作用及NAC的干预效应

为探讨41%草甘膦水溶液(农达)对雄性生殖细胞的毒性及其作用机制以及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)的干预效应。以GC-1小鼠精原细胞为受试细胞,设正常对照组、草甘膦染毒组(60、90、120、150、180 mg·L^-1)、NAC干预组(10 mmol·L^-1 NAC＋90 mg·L^-1农达)。MTT法检测细胞存活率,Giemsa染色法观察细胞的形态学改变,彗星试验检测细胞DNA损伤,比色法检测细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)以及细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结果显示,随着草甘膦染毒浓度增加,细胞存活率逐渐下降(p<0.01),彗星阳性率逐渐升高(p<0.01);与对照组相比,草甘膦染毒组LDH活性增加(p<0.05,60 mg·L^-1组除外),MDA生成量增多(p<0.05),GSH含量降低(p<0.05)和SOD活性降低(p<0.05)。抗氧化剂NAC预处理具有相应的拮抗作用。研究表明,60～180 mg·L^-1浓度草甘膦对GC-1细胞有明显的损伤作用,其机制可能是草甘膦诱导氧化应激,导致细胞通透性增加和DNA损伤。抗氧化剂NAC对草甘膦的细胞毒性具有一定保护作用。     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

新型干法水泥生产中二恶英减排的环境技术经济研究

分析了水泥生产过程中多氯二苯并对二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(以下简称“二恶英”)的产生机理和国内外排放情况,针对我国部分新型干法水泥窑生产工艺二恶英排放偏高和窑炉能效偏低的问题,选择典型的新型干法水泥窑,开展了二恶英、常规污染物排放情况监测和能效检测及诊断,提出了二恶英协同减排措施,实施了有针对性的技术改造,并对改造后的排放和能效改进情况、环境和经济效益进行了系统评估. 结果表明:采用提高能效、充分燃烧、快速冷却废气及确保进入除尘器的废气温度低于200 ℃等二恶英减排最佳可行技术,烟气中二恶英的量降低了91.8%,单位熟料的能耗水平降低了2.08%;同时,颗粒物等常规污染物和二氧化碳等温室气体也实现了协同减排. 企业通过节能和余热利用获取了经济效益.      

新生MnO2对甲基橙废水的脱色特性研究

以化学法合成的新生MnO2作吸附剂,对水中甲基橙染料进行吸附脱色研究,探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理。结果表明：新生Mn2对甲基橙的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附速率大,吸附前溶液pH值是影响染料脱色效果的最主要因素,吸附后溶液pH和温度影响较小。在实验条件下可使甲基橙脱色率达99％。     

重特大火灾对南京市火灾发生影响规律的时间序列研究

本文采用时间序列法分析中国江苏省南京市每月火灾发生次数受该时间段内江苏省特大火灾以及南京市重特大火灾的影响规律。在对原始数据依次进行了异常点剔除、季节调整后,运用时间序列干涉模型对调整后的数据序列进行滞后分析,分析结果表明通常重特大火灾的影响可持续三个月。