Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI_SD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI_SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI_SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.     

The influence of sorption material preparation on the removal of metal ions from the aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Very important in adsorption processes is the preparation of material sorbents and from this reason, the impact of washing agent of raw sorbent was analysed. The adsorption capacity was studied in relation to the function of the equilibrium time, the amount of biosorbent and the initial metal(II) ions concentration. In this research for the sake of comparison, the sorptive properties of out-of-date coffee were compared to coffee washed with different agents (mineral acids and water). The scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the biosorbents and to identify the functional groups that participated in metal(II) ions bonding. The obtained results clearly indicate that the out-of-date coffee are effective biosorbent for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution. However, for metal(II) ions removal efficiency could influence sorbent preparation and nickel(II) ions were best adsorbed on coffee washed with water, but cadmium(II) ions on raw biosorbent (out-of-date coffee). The best results of sorption were achieved after the contact time of 30 and 60?min, respectively for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions.     

增溶剂对Pd/ACF电极电还原水相中的2,4,5-PCB脱氯的影响

研究了Pd修饰活性炭毡(ACF)电极在不同增溶剂中(2,4,5-PCB)电催化还原脱氯效果,结果表明,以四烷基铵盐作为增溶剂时,2,4,5-PCB脱氯效率大体随着增溶剂疏水基团的增大而提高. 在增溶能力强的阳离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂溶液中,2,4,5-PCB的脱氯效果均较好.羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)无毒无害易降解,且其溶液中2,4,5-PCB反应条件低,脱氯效果好,是较优的增溶剂.     

不同谷氨酸浓度下钝顶螺旋藻的生长反应

通过在Zarrouk培养基中添加不同浓度的谷氨酸（Glu）对螺旋藻进行混合营养培养，研究了不同浓度的Glu对螺旋藻的生长、叶绿素、蛋白质含量以及光合作用的影响，结果表明，Glu浓度小于1．0gL^-1时，藻生长状态、生理活性都明显优于Z氏培养基，其中以在0．8gL^-1浓度时生长最好；当Glu浓度为1．0gL^-1时，藻的生长状态与Z氏培养基中极为相似；Glu浓度大于1．0gL^-1时，对藻的生长产生一定抑制作用，Glu的添加对藻液体系的pH值有一定的缓冲作用，图4表2参7     

Polyvinyl chloride used as a chlorinating and a reducing agent

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl is a recyclable material. It can be used as a chlorinating and a reducing agent. Two tests of chlorination and reduction of two different samples of jarosite and hematite were realized using PVC, results are presented in this paper. The chlorination test shows that the HCl gas produced from PVC and heated at ≈250°C can be used as a chlorine source to recover as chlorinated compounds the valuable metals such as Zn, Pb contained in jarosite. The XRD reveals the presence of lead and zinc chlorides in the condensates obtained. The second test of reduction was conducted using a mixture of PVC and hematite treated in a nitrogen atmosphere between 200 and 1000°C. The results show that at low temperature, PVC produces HCl and with kinetic consideration, no reactions can be observed with hematite. However, at high temperature, the weight of the hematite sample decreases by ≈15%, due to the reduction of hematite to iron metal.     

电絮凝-过滤法去除源水中微量有机物

利用电絮凝-过滤法进行了源水中有机物去除的实验研究,探讨了电流密度、电解时间和pH值等因素对源水中TOC去除效果的影响。结果表明,在电极间距1.0cm,电流密度47.2 A/m2,初始TOC浓度为12.4mg/L时,反应12min后,出水浓度为3.60mg/L,TOC去除率可达71%。表明电絮凝法可有效去除源水中微量有机物。其去除机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化和还原以及电气浮等。     

芝罘湾沉积物中可提取相重金属研究

讨论了芝罘湾沉积物酸提取相中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｌｉ、Ｋ的分特征，及其在环境中的赋存形式，并与其它海区资料相比，得出该湾沉积物已受到重金属污染的结论。     

高流速海水中舰艇常用材料腐蚀实验研究

介绍了舰艇常用材料在海水环境动态高流速条件下自然电位、自然腐蚀率、电偶腐蚀等多方面的腐蚀实验方法及实验结果,得出了舰艇常用系列材料在动态海水中的腐蚀基本数据以及变化规律,为在舰船设计中材料的选择及腐蚀防护方案的制定提供参考。     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

气浮-生化处理-砂滤工艺处理高浓度食品生产废水

食品生产废水属于高浓度有机废水,具有排水量大、污染物浓度、水质水量变化大的特点,如不处理就直接排放,将会对水环境造成严重的污染.本工程中废水原水水质参数为:CODCr＜5000mg/L,BOD5＜3000mg/L,SS＜500mg/L,pH5.0～7.5,水温20～30℃.针对该废水水质特点,采用气浮-生化-砂滤工艺处理食品生产废水.运行结果表明,该处理工艺具有处理效率高、操作管理简便、抗冲击负荷、污泥量小、出水水质稳定、运行成本低等优点,处理后出水CODCr85mg/L,BOD524.3mg/L,SS56.2mg/L,pH6～8,达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)中的一级标准.