pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌动力学及功能基因的影响

为探究pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,以富含NOB的活性污泥为对象,基于Monod模型考察不同pH值对NOB活性动力学的影响并进行统计学分析.结果表明,Monod方程可较好地反映不同pH值条件下基质底物浓度对NOB比亚硝态氮氧化速率（SNiOR）的影响,且pH=7.0时动力学参数Ks为（6.167mg/L）,r_max为[1.134g/（g·d）],此时NOB活性最好.利用钟形经验模型进行非线性回归拟合,最大比降解速率（r_max）随pH值的增大呈钟形变化,本试验NOB的最佳pH值为（6.9±0.1）,其中r_max维持在r_opt一半以上的pH值范围（ω）为（3.26±0.4）.以亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶类基因（nxrA、nxrB）为引物,基于荧光定量PCR技术分析结果显示,在不同pH值条件下nxrA基因和nxrB基因拷贝数的变化趋势均与动力学参数（Ks、r_max）的规律一致,且nxrA和nxrB基因在系统的降解过程中起协同作用.     

Fas/FasL途径在氟暴露致PC12细胞凋亡中的作用

为了探讨Fas/FasL途径在氟暴露致PC12细胞凋亡中的作用及其机制,采用含20、40、80、160mg/L NaF培养液处理PC12细胞.结果表明,所有剂量NaF处理12、24、36、48h,PC12细胞活性升高;上述不同剂量NaF处理24h后,与对照组比,PC12细胞的活性氧水平、细胞凋亡率、细胞内Fas/FasL信号转导通路Fas和FasL、Caspase8、FADD、Caspase3基因和蛋白表达水平均呈显著上升（P < 0.05）,而Bid基因和蛋白表达水平显著下降（P < 0.05）,且呈氟暴露剂量依赖性.结果提示Fas/FasL途径在氟暴露致PC12细胞凋亡中起重要作用,其中FADD可能是Fas/FasL凋亡途径中的重要靶分子.     

悬浮填料投加对AnMBR性能及膜污染的影响

研究了悬浮填料投加对分置式厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）的COD去除效果、污泥混合液特性及膜污染的影响。试验结果表明:在反应器有机负荷为2.09 kg/（m3·d）,污泥负荷为0.54 kg/（kg·d）,水力停留时间（HRT）为48 h,温度为（35±2）℃的条件下,与未投加悬浮填料阶段比较,投加填料后AnMBR的COD总去除率由96.6%提高至97.9%,甲烷产率提高16.0%。同时投加悬浮填料后AnMBR混合液污泥平均粒径增大,滤饼层阻力、总阻力、滤饼层阻力在总阻力中的占比较未投加悬浮填料时分别降低7.8、6.5和1.3百分点,溶解性胞外聚合物（SEPS）和结合性胞外聚合物（BEPS）浓度分别降低了20.5%和29.4%,跨膜压差（TMP）线性增长速率降低,膜污染速率明显减缓。因此,投加悬浮填料可在不增加能耗的情况下改善污泥混合液特性,起到强化AnMBR处理效果和控制膜污染的作用。     

基于全过程治理的环境规制减排机制研究——来自长江经济带数据的实证检验

基于2007~2017年长江经济带11个省市的面板数据,利用中介效应模型探究全过程治理视域下政府主导型和市场激励型2类环境规制的减排机制.研究发现,政府主导型环境规制和市场激励型环境规制对SO₂排放均具有显著的抑制作用,其影响系数分别为-0.154和-0.209.其中政府主导型环境规制在源头防控、过程控制和末端治理的全过程都起到显著的减排效应,而市场激励型环境规制只通过末端治理实现减排.因此,尽管市场激励型环境规制具有低成本、高效率的优点,但考虑到源头防控和过程控制在生态环境保护中发挥的根本性作用,对于经济结构和经济发展方式较为落后的地区和行业,仍要重视以政府为主导的环境规制,通过因地制宜、合理科学地运用环境规制工具以实现高效的全过程污染治理.     

土壤环境中微塑料的污染现状及其影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种持久性污染物,对土壤生态系统具有严重影响,土壤中微塑料的污染已愈加受到国内外学者的广泛关注。当前关于土壤环境中微塑料的研究较少,针对当前土壤中微塑料的来源、分布、降解迁移、生态效应及污染防治等方面进行综述。主要包括以下几个方面:1）概括土壤生态系统中微塑料的来源、分布特点和迁移降解规律,确定了土壤环境中微塑料的赋存状态;2）总结土壤生态系统中微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应;3）分析了微塑料对土壤理化性质、动物、植物、微生物的影响,并揭示了微塑料对于土壤生态系统的影响;4）根据土壤微塑料的分布特点、降解迁移及生态效应提出污染防治措施。最后,对今后土壤微塑料的研究重点进行了展望。     

Adsorption of 17β-estradiol from aqueous solution by raw and direct/pre/post-KOH treated lotus seedpod biochar

Five biochars derived from lotus seedpod(LSP) were applied to examine and compare the adsorption capacity of 17β-estradiol(E2) from aqueous solution.The effect of KOH activation and the order of activation steps on material properties were discussed.The effect of contact time,initial concentration,p H,ionic strength and humic acid on E2 adsorption were investigated in a batch adsorption process.Experimental results demonstrated that the pseudo second-order model fitted the experimental data best and that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 20 hr.The efficiency of E2 removal increased with increasing E2 concentration and decreased with the increase of ionic strength.E2 adsorption on LSP-derived biochar(BCs) was influenced little by humic acid,and slightly affected by the solution p H when its value ranged from 4.0 to 9.0,but considerably affected at p H 10.0.Low environmental temperature is favorable for E2 adsorption.Chemisorption,π–π interactions,monolayer adsorption and electrostatic interaction are the possible adsorption mechanisms.Comparative studies indicated that KOH activation and the order of activation steps had significant impacts on the material.Post-treated biochar exhibited better adsorption capacity for E2 than direct treated,pretreated,and raw LSP biochar.Pyrolyzed biochar at higher temperature improved E2 removal.The excellent performance of BCs in removing E2 suggested that BCs have potential in E2 treatment and that the biochar directly treated by KOH would be a good choice for the treatment of E2 in aqueous solution,with its advantages of good efficiency and simple technology.     

Development of a static test apparatus for evaluating the performance of three PM2.5 separators commonly used in China

PM_(2.5) separator directly affects the accuracy of PM_(2.5) sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM_(2.5) separator is particularly important,especially under China's wide variation of terrain and climate.In this study,first a static test apparatus based on polydisperse aerosol was established and calibrated to evaluate the performance of the PM_(2.5) separators.A uniform mixing chamber was developed to make particles mix completely.The aerosol concentration relative standard deviations of three test points at the same horizontal chamber position were less than 0.57%,and the particle size distribution obeyed logarithmic normal distribution with an R~2 of 0.996.The flow rate deviation between the measurement and the set point flow rate agreed to within ± 1.0% in the range of -40 to 50℃.Secondly,the separation,flow and loading characteristics of three cyclone separators(VSCC-A,SCC-A and SCC112) were evaluated using this system.The results showed that the 50% cutoff sizes(D_(50)) of the three cyclones were 2.48,2.47 and 2.44 μm when worked at the manufacturer's recommended flow rates,respectively.The geometric standard deviation(GSD) of the capture efficiency of VSCCA was 1.23,showed a slightly sharper than SCC-A(GSD = 1.27),while the SCC112 did not meet the relevant indicator(GSD = 1.2 ± 0.1) with a GSD = 1.44.The flow rate and loading test had a great effect on D_(50),while the GSD remained almost the same as before.In addition,the maintenance frequency under different air pollution conditions of the cyclones was summarized according to the loading test.     

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

生物炭吸附水中磷酸盐的研究进展

生物炭作为1种环境友好型吸附材料,可有效去除并回收水体中的磷,由此也成为当前的研究热点之一。综述了目前国内外生物炭吸附磷酸盐及磷素回收研究现状,主要总结了控制生物炭吸附磷酸盐的4种主要机制,阐述了影响生物炭吸附除磷过程中的主要影响因素,介绍了目前应用研究的方向并提出生物炭在实际应用中所面临的问题并对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为未来研究及推广应用提供理论支撑。     

洞庭湖区南汉垸水体浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素

环境要素的变化对浮游植物的群落结构和功能具有重要影响.为揭示洞庭湖南汉垸湖区浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素,分别于2017年11月（关泵封水期）和2018年6月（开泵放水期）在洞庭湖区典型堤垸——南汉垸进行了采样调查,并对调查区域内的浮游植物及主要水环境因子进行了系统监测和分析.结果表明:①调查期间共检出浮游植物8门62属,主要隶属于绿藻门（Chlorophyta）、硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）和蓝藻门（Cyanophyta）,浮游植物分布表现出较为显著的时间差异性,11月浮游植物的丰度为8.34×106~3.02×108 L-1,6月为1.13×106~2.04×107 L-1.②Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）介于1.10~3.24之间,Margalef丰富度指数（d）介于1.42~6.40之间,Pielou均匀度指数（J）介于0.48~0.87之间,多样性评价表明,南汉垸整体上介于轻污染与β-中污染之间,局部采样点为α-中污染.③PCA（主成分分析）结果表明,ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（NH₄+-N）为南汉垸水体的主要污染因子.④RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,南汉垸浮游植物群落结构分布与pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）及ρ（TN）呈正相关,与WT（水温）呈负相关.研究显示,南汉垸水体介于轻污染与β-中污染之间,营养状态及浮游植物群落结构在时间上差异较大.