最小二乘支持向量机在臭氧浓度时间序列预测中试应用

将基于统计学理论的最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)方法试用于臭氧浓度时间序列预测.首先利用臭氧浓度时间序列资料重构了该混沌动力系统的相空间,然后沿着系统演化的相轨道用最小二乘支持向量机建立了臭氧浓度短时预测模型,并用上海市淀山湖站的臭氧观测资料做了提前1～8 h和提前24 h预报试验,结果显示这一模式能够较好地模拟臭氧浓度演化轨迹,提前1～8 h的预测精度均超过90%,提前24 h预报精度亦都在68%以上,预报效果较好.     

Al13形态的凝胶层析分离及分离级分特性对比

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法、透射电镜(TEM)和ZATESIZER测定仪对分离纯化过程中所得3个级分进行了分析表征和电荷特性的研究;采用烧杯实验法对3个级分处理实际和模拟水样的混凝效果进行了对比性研究.Al- Ferron逐时络合比色法和TEM结果表明,在层析法分离中级分随着洗脱时间延长按分子的大小依次洗脱下来,因此截取中间组分即可得到含量95 %左右的纳米Al₁₃形态;电荷特性和混凝效果研究结果表明,第3个级分其他两者具有更好的除浊、除腐殖酸和脱色效果,并且具有更强的电中和能力,因此Al₁₃形态是一种具有较高正电荷和较高的水解稳定性以及宽的pH适用范围,在给水和废水处理中是一种较为有效的Al形态.     

磺酰脲类除草剂在硅胶G表面的光解

应用高效薄层析方法研究了苄嘧磺隆，甲磺隆，氯磺隆，氯嘧磺隆4种磺酰脲类除草剂在氙灯与太阳光下的光解动力学，以及8种有机色素对苄嘧磺隆光降解的影响。结果表明4种除草剂在硅胶G表面的降解呈一级动力学反应；有机色素对除草剂的降解均表现显著的猝灭效应。其中以姜黄素的猝灭作用最强，色素剂量与光解中的猝灭效应存在着显著的相关性。色素剂量加大，猝灭效应加强。     

Occurrence of selected aliphatic amines in source water of major cities in China

The formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), such as nitrosamines, halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles, from reactions between chlorine/chloramine and dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water has caused great concern with regarding public health. This study revealed the occurrence of 17 aliphatic amines, some of which have been confirmed to be the precursors of N-DBPs, in source water across China. A sensitive method based on benzenesulfonyl chloride derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was established for the simultaneous analysis of the selected amines in aqueous samples. In total, 37 source water samples from the capital cities of 20 provinces were collected for the survey. Among the 17 amines, 14 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 36%. The most relevant amines in terms of frequency and maximum concentrations detected were dimethylamine (100%, 24.82 μg/L), methylamine (78%, 0.92 μg/L), N-methylethylamine (70%, 8.84 μg/L), propylamine (59%, 10.69 μg/L), diethylamine (54%, 3.76 μg/L), N-methylbutylamine (35%, 3.07 μg/L), N-ethylpropylamine (35%, 0.52 μg/L), and piperidine (32%, 2.35 μg/L). This is the first large scale survey of the aliphatic amines occurrence in source water in the world. The wide presence of nitrosamine precursors like dimethylamine, N-methylethylamine and diethylamine, and the precursors of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes like methylamine and propylamine suggests that better source water management is required to ensure the safety of drinking water.     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

北运河上游合流制管网溢流污染特性研究

以北运河沙河水库周边合流制管网为研究对象,选取浊度为主要指示指标,通过监测典型溢流排口,考察了2019年4次合流制管网溢流污染物的变化过程,研究了降雨事件之间的干旱天数和降雨强度对溢流污染的影响,并分析浊度和典型污染物之间的相关性.结果表明,汛期降雨强度较大、历时较长,是溢流事件发生的主要时期.当单场次累积降雨量达到15 mm和单场次平均降雨强度达到1.4 mm·h^-1时,溢流开始发生.其中,4月24日（第一次溢流）和汛期7月22日（干旱天数为23 d,降雨强度最强）的初期溢流污染最为严重,这两次溢流污水中TN、TP、TCOD都与浊度显著相关（p<0.01）;5月26日（非汛期典型降雨）的溢流污染物与浊度相关性不显著（p>0.05）,污染负荷较低.这说明北运河上游沙河水库周边合流制管网溢流污染主要受降雨强度和干旱天数的影响.因此,以年总溢流污染负荷为控制目标时,应优先控制年度初次溢流和主汛期初次溢流的初期溢流污染.     

基于熵权模拟评价模型的西安市水资源价值核算

区域水资源价值的准确核算是科学制定水价的基础。针对水资源价值核算体系的复杂性,本文基于熵权模拟评价模型,对西安市水资源价值核算进行研究。选取水资源数量、质量以及社会经济影响三个大类指标,构建了西安市水资源价值模糊评价模型,综合评价了西安市水资源价值,估算了居民用水价格。结果表明：西安市的水资源价格由2015年的10.46元·m^-3下降到2019年的10.33元·m^-3,水资源价格总体变化不大。实际水费支出仅占居民人均可支配收入的0.5%,远远低于设定的可承受指数(3%),水价仍有部分提升空间。在不破坏水资源的公益性及保障性,不超过居民承受力的前提下,水价仍可做部分提升,从而促进市民节约水资源。本文基于对西安市水资源价值的分析,为西安市今后合理制定水价以及可持续发展提供参考。     

中国国道和省道机动车尾气排放特征

近年来,随着我国机动车保有量的持续增长,机动车排放已成为我国重要的大气污染物来源之一.现有的机动车排放研究多关注城市内的机动车大气污染物排放,针对城市间的大气污染物排放研究较少.我国城市间交通道路主要包括国道和省道,截止至2015年我国国道里程18.53万km、省道里程32.97万km,约占全国等级公路总里程的13%,因此开展我国国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放研究十分重要.本研究基于全国国道和省道交通监测站的年均监测数据,采用环境保护部发布的《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》中的指导方法,计算了2015年我国国道和省道机动车的大气污染物排放清单,分析了污染物排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国国道和省道公路机动车排放的一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、颗粒物(PM)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放量分别占全国机动车污染物总排放量的4.5%、27.9%、14.4%和7.7%;不同车型对国道和省道机动车大气污染物排放的分担率不同,其中大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的主要来源,摩托车是CO和HC的主要来源;不同道路类型中各车型的大气污染物排放分担率也不同,如高速路上大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源,普通道路上大客车和大货车是NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要来源.     

Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS

Odorous compounds in the influent of a reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP), consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF), and chlorination in succession, in a north China city, were identified by combining flavor profile analysis (FPA) with sensory gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sewery/swampy/septic odor with an odor intensity of 6.4 was found to be the major odor group in the RWTP influent, and the existence of well-known odorant including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, indole and skatole were confirmed using GC-MS. The result of a spiking test showed that the intensity (3.6) of the sewery/swampy/septic odor caused by these four chemicals contributed to over 50% of the odor intensity of the influent. The FPA intensity for sewery/swampy/septic odor in the RWTP effluent was 3.8, showing that the treatment process was not efficient for the removal of odorants, particularly indole and skatole.     

南宁市老城区降雨径流溯源及污染特征分析

降雨径流是城市河道污染的重要来源之一.为了解降雨径流的污染特征,对南宁市老城区进行降雨径流同步采样监测,分析不同降雨条件下不同下垫面污染状况、初期冲刷效应及污染贡献比等特征,探讨了径流污染初期冲刷计算方法及影响因素分析,并根据老城区菜市场下垫面讨论降雨径流下垫面选取标准与必要性.结果表明,南宁市老城区径流污染中,道路及...