克雷伯氏菌生产絮凝剂M-C11的培养优化及其在污泥脱水中的应用

从活性污泥中筛选分离得到可产生微生物絮凝剂的克雷伯氏菌C11,对微生物絮凝剂M-C11的培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐等条件进行优化.探讨将微生物絮凝剂应用于活性污泥脱水时,pH、CaCl2投加量、M-C11投加量等因素对污泥脱水效果的影响,并与常规化学絮凝剂的调理效果对比分析.结果表明,絮凝剂M-C11生产的最优培养条件:30 g·L-1葡萄糖、2g·L-1NaNO3、0.5 g·L-1MgSO4分别作培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐,在37℃,150 r·min-1振荡培养48 h,絮凝活性高达91.70%.M-C11在pH为4~8、温度为20~60℃的范围内具有良好的絮凝稳定性.克雷伯氏菌产絮凝剂M-C11应用于调理污泥脱水,在pH为6、3 mL M-C11、4 mL CaCl2(1%)的最佳投加组合下,调理后污泥比阻(SRF)和含水率分别由原泥的11.64×1012m·kg-1和98.86%,降低至4.66×1012m·kg-1和83.74%,调理后的污泥脱水效果显著优于硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(PAC)等无机絮凝剂.微生物絮凝剂具有成本低廉、易生物降解、无二次污染等优点,且对污泥pH、盐度等条件具有良好的适应性,可作为新型高效的污泥脱水调理剂.     

针铁矿对城市生活垃圾有机组分厌氧发酵的影响

利用PVC管构建厌氧发酵反应器,研究了铁氧化物对有机垃圾厌氧发酵过程中产气及垃圾渗滤液特性的影响.结果表明,添加针铁矿能够促进垃圾的水解酸化效率和产气速率,提高产气量至163.4 L,较空白提高了20%.通过对厌氧消化中间产物Fe2+、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、COD以及有机酸的分析表明,铁氧化物的存在有利于降低系统氧化还原电位,有助于提高厌氧微生物的水解酸化效率;铁氧化物的加入能够促进有机酸的转化,从而降低有机酸对厌氧微生物的抑制作用.     

北京奥林匹克公园地表颗粒物粒度特征分析

研究了北京市奥林匹克公园2012年10月和11月4次采集的地表颗粒物的粒度特征,结果表明,奥体公园整体以中小粒径76~830μm的颗粒物为主.人流量较大的区域颗粒物较粗,而有车辆通过或工地附近的区域颗粒物以粒径<300μm为主且更易在中等车流量的道路累积.说明人流量对道路地表颗粒物的组成影响有限,交通流量、建筑施工行为是影响城市公园颗粒物组成的重要因素.雨前干燥期影响颗粒物组成:随着雨前干燥期(≤15 d)的增加,粒径>300μm的颗粒物地表累积量不断下降,粒径<150μm的累积量不断上升,而150~300μm粒径范围的颗粒物受干燥期的影响不明显.道路的材质明显影响颗粒物的累积,与石材路面相比,地表颗粒物更容易在公园沥青路面累积,可以通过改进公园道路的设计,如采用石材路面,降低道路的粗糙度,从而减少颗粒物对公园水体的污染.     

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved aerosols in winter in Beijing

Size-resolved aerosols were continuously collected by a Nano Sampler for 13 days at an urban site in Beijing during winter 2012 to measure the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles. Data collected by the Nano Sampler and an ACSM(Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) were compared. Between the data sets,similar trends and strong correlations were observed,demonstrating the validity of the Nano Sampler. PM10 and PM2.5concentrations during the measurement were 150.5 ± 96.0 μg/m3(mean ± standard variation)and 106.9 ± 71.6 μg/m3,respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.10,indicating that PM2.5dominated PM10. The aerosol size distributions showed that three size bins of 0.5–1,1–2.5 and 2.5–10 μm contributed 21.8%,23.3% and 26.0% to the total mass concentration(TMC),respectively. OM(organic matter) and SIA(secondary ionic aerosol,mainly SO42-,NO3-and NH4+) were major components of PM2.5. Secondary compounds(SIA and secondary organic carbon) accounted for half of TMC(about 49.8%) in PM2.5,and suggested that secondary aerosols significantly contributed to the serious particulate matter pollution observed in winter. Coal burning,biomass combustion,vehicle emissions and SIA were found to be the main sources of PM2.5. Mass concentrations of water-soluble ions and undetected materials,as well as their fractions in TMC,strikingly increased with deteriorating particle pollution conditions,while OM and EC(elemental carbon) exhibited different variations,with mass concentrations slightly increasing but fractions in TMC decreasing.     

基于逻辑回归模型的来宾市岩溶塌陷敏感性评价

岩溶塌陷是长期困扰广西的地质灾害现象。本文针对广西来宾市岩溶塌陷地质灾害,采用二分类变量非线性逻辑回归模型作为岩溶塌陷敏感性评价模型,借助于ArcGIS和SPSS软件工具,选取地形、地层岩性、断裂带、地下水位变幅、地下水位埋深、土壤渗透率、覆盖层厚度7个影响因子,将各因子归一化处理后借助于SPSS统计软件进行逻辑回归方法运算,计算每个影响因子的逻辑回归系数值,并根据逻辑回归模型得到研究区各单元的岩溶塌陷灾害敏感性概率,在ArcGIS中绘制研究区岩溶塌陷地质灾害敏感性分区图。经过模型验证和实地调查,表明逻辑回归模型模拟效果较好,可以用于指导研究区岩溶塌陷地质灾害防治。     

我国赤泥环境管理现状分析

针对中国氧化铝行业日益严重的赤泥排放及堆存污染防治问题,本文简要介绍了国内赤泥产生、综合利用和堆存的环境管理现状,总结分析了目前赤泥环境管理存在的主要问题,进而提出了相应的对策建议。     

SBAF单级自养脱氮快速启动、稳定运行及微生物群落演化

单级自养脱氮(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON)存在启动周期长、运行易失稳的问题.本文研究了在淹没式生物滤池(submerged biological aerated filter,SBAF)体系内,采用前期更替曝气的满负荷启动方法,通过严格控制体系中的溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)和温度(DO和温度分别控制在0.10~0.30 mg·L~(-1)和31℃±1℃的范围内),水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)控制为24 h,于51 d成功实现CANON的快速启动,并稳定运行278 d.该体系氨氮去除率(ammonium removal rate,ARR)最大值为98.9%,其平均值为95.1%;总氮去除率(total nitrogen removal rate,TNR)最大值为85.9%,其平均值为75.1%;体系存在少量NO_3~--N累积.采用16S rDNA宏基因组高通量测序技术分析该体系中污泥微生物的演化特征,发现起亚硝化作用的富集微生物主要为门Proteobacteria,起厌氧氨氧化作用的富集微生物主要为门Planctomycete属Candidatus Brocadia,其相对丰度随着驯化时间延长而逐渐增大,两者协同作用共同实现CANON中的总氮去除.     

On-board measurement of particle numbers and their size distribution from a light-duty diesel vehicle: Influences of VSP and altitude

In this study, the particle size-resolved distribution from a China-3 certificated light-duty diesel vehicle was measured by using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). In order to examine the influences of vehicle specific power (VSP) and high-altitude operation, measurements were conducted at 8 constant speeds, which ranged from 10 to 80 km/hr at 10 km/hr intervals, and two different high altitudes, namely 2200 and 3200 m. The results demonstrated that the numbers of particles in all size ranges decreased significantly as VSP increased when the test vehicle was running at lower speeds (< 20 km/hr), while at a moderate speed (between 30 and 60 km/hr), the particle number was statistically insensitive to increase VSP. Under high-speed cruising conditions, the numbers of ultrafine particles and PM_2.5 were insensitive to changes in VSP, but the numbers of nanoparticles and PM₁₀ surged considerably. An increase in the operational altitude of the test vehicle resulted in increased particle number emissions at low and high driving speeds; however, particle numbers obtained at moderate speeds decreased as altitude rose. When the test vehicle was running at moderate speeds, particle numbers measured at the two altitudes were very close, except for comparatively higher number concentrations of nanoparticles measured at 2200 m.     

基于群体灰色层次模糊法的农产品冷链物流脆弱性评价研究

农产品冷链物流运作的复杂性和外部环境的不确定性使各类农产品流通事故频发,直接导致农产品流通效率低下、运行成本高居不下,给社会经济的平稳运行和公众生活造成了诸多负面影响。运用事故致因理论,从人员、设备、环境和管理因素引发的脆弱源视角切入,构建农产品冷链物流的脆弱链模型;依据轨迹交叉模型识别农产品冷链物流运行中脆弱性的关键致因因子,并从脆弱性的暴露度、易感度和适应度三个维度构建农产品冷链物流脆弱性评价指标体系;基于群体灰色层次模糊法(GGAHP)对农产品冷链物流脆弱性进行评价,从而得到其脆弱性等级,以期为政府、企业等主体促进农产品冷链物流优化、提高运行效率、降低运作成本提供理论依据。     

CANON在SBAF中的快速启动及其微生物特征

启动周期长是单级全程自养脱氮工艺(CANON)的主要制约因素之一.本文研究了基于淹没式生物滤池(SBAF)的CANON工艺的快速启动方法.首先,以城镇污水处理厂二沉池中普通活性污泥为种泥,在(30±2)℃、不添加有机碳源,控制DO(阶段Ⅰ:0.3~0.5 mg·L~(-1),阶段Ⅱ~Ⅳ:0.1~0.2 mg·L~(-1))的实验条件下,经过48 d对污泥微生物的驯化,成功启动了CANON工艺,氨氮(NH+4-N)和总氮(TN)最大去除率分别达到99.9%和86.5%.其次,采用16S r DNA宏基因组高通量测序技术研究了体系内微生物种群结构特性.测序结果显示体系内两个优势微生物菌门是Proteobacteria(变形菌门)和Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门),平均分别占比26.6%和17.8%,主要脱氮微生物是β-Proteobacteria中的Nitrosomonas和Brocadiae中的Candidatus brocadia.通过以上实验分析得出:采用SBAF启动CANON技术,具有可实现体系快速启动、生物高效脱氮、过程稳定运行等特性.