Preparation and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues(i.e.,excess nitrate)in aqueous solution,economic and effective anionic sorbents are required.In this article,we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw.Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated.The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent,the total exchange capacity,and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%,2.57 mEq/g,and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively.The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation.When multiple anions(SO_4~(2-),H_2PO_4~-,NO_3~-,and NO_2~-)were present,the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode;however,the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%.In alkaline solutions,about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent.The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.     

天然及CaCl2改性沸石对四环素的吸附

通过静态吸附实验研究了水中四环素在天然和CaCl2改性沸石上的吸附行为及机制。实验表明,天然沸石对四环素具有吸附能力,CaCl2改性可以提高沸石对四环素的吸附能力。天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤。Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以较好地描述实验所用2种沸石对四环素的吸附行为,D-R等温方程拟合结果显示吸附过程包含离子交换作用。通过对天然和改性沸石吸附四环素前后溶液中主要阳离子浓度变化分析证实了该吸附过程包含离子交换作用。实验研究了pH值变化对沸石吸附四环素的影响,当pH=3～5时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量均随pH值的增加而急剧下降,而pH=5～10时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量变化均不明显,推测可能是离子交换作用和化学沉淀吸附作用所致。另外,实验还初步探索了溶液离子强度对沸石吸附四环素的影响情况,随着溶液中Na+和Ca2+离子强度的增加,吸附量先急剧降低随后趋向平稳,进一步说明了沸石对四环素的吸附过程不是由单一机制控制的。     

AGNPS在我国东南亚热带地区的检验

利用地理信息系统（GIS），基于数字高程模型（DEM），提取AGNPS（A Agricultural Non-Point Source Model)模型所需的水文和地形参数，并通过实地调查及专题制图等手段获取AGNPS模型所需的土地利用、土壤质地及施肥水平等其它参数，最后利用监测降水，实测水文参数、营养盐及沉积物负荷等验证AGNPS模型在我国东南亚热带地区的应用。     

生物炭活化技术及生物炭催化剂的研究进展

回顾了常用的生物炭活化方法,包括酸活化、碱活化、气体活化、等离子体活化以及金属浸渍活化等,并且针对不同的活化方法对生物炭的孔径分布、比表面积、活性基团和活性位点的密度等理化特征及其对生物炭催化活性的影响进行了比较.最后,进一步探讨了采用不同的活化方法获得的生物炭的应用场景,以期为定制型功能生物炭及生物炭的新应用提供参考.     

Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water

Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4–16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.     

无锡市饮用水嗅味突发事件致嗅原因及潜在问题分析

针对2007年5月底6月初发生的无锡市饮用水嗅味事件,在嗅味层次分析法(FPA)的基础上,利用感官气相色谱法对污染水团、取水口以及管网水中的致嗅物质种类进行了鉴定,并利用GC-MS对主要致嗅物质进行了定量分析,同时,对微囊藻毒素含量以及生物遗传毒性进行了测定.结果表明,此次嗅味事件的主要致嗅物质为以二甲基三硫为主的硫醚类有机体腐败产物,6月4日采集的污染水团中二甲基三硫含量高达11399 ng·L-1.同时,含有一定量的2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)等藻类分泌物,但这些物质的嗅味被二甲基三硫等硫醚类化合物导致的腥臭味所掩盖,不是主要的致嗅物质.另外,6月4日及6月8日采集的取水口样品分析结果表明,原水中微囊藻毒素含量远低于新颁布的生活饮用水卫生标准,而且,利用umu测试得到的水中遗传毒性水平很低.     

饮用水中甲羟孕酮的臭氧氧化降解研究

以饮用水中内分泌干扰物孕激素类甲羟孕酮(MPA)为目标物,采用臭氧氧化工艺对其进行降解,对臭氧降解过程动力学进行了研究,并考察液相臭氧浓度、pH、羟基自由基(.OH)清除剂(HCO3-)对降解过程的影响.结果表明,臭氧在合适条件下能够有效降解水溶液中的MPA,MPA初始浓度为3、5、10 mg.L-1,采用连续臭氧曝气方式降解时,降解过程遵守一级反应动力学模型;采用序批式臭氧投加方式进行降解时,降解过程符合二级反应动力学模型.pH的升高和HCO3-的添加都会对降解效果产生负面影响.在反应温度为20℃,采用序批式臭氧投加方式,MPA的去除率从pH=3.10时的89.8%下降到pH=9.02时的74.6%.相同反应条件下,添加羟基自由基清除剂HCO3-后,降解反应速率常数由0.146 3 L.(mg.min)-1下降到0.049 5 L.(mg.min)-1,去除率下降了22.2个百分点.     

磁性LDH/PU材料提取SCFAs作为碳源的性能

以蛋壳为原料采用超声辅助法将超顺磁性铁氧体材料与制备的水滑石（LDH）进行复合改性合成磁性LDH,采用一步发泡法将磁性LDH与聚氨酯（PU）进行复合制备得磁性LDH/PU复合材料,研究以其作为支架从污泥发酵液中吸附提取短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）,并将其作为外部碳源用于生物脱氮过程.XRD、SEM和TEM分析显示,所制备的磁性LDH具备典型水滑石层片状结构,所制备的磁性LDH/PU复合材料不仅具备PU泡沫疏松多孔比表面积大的特点,同时将LDH吸附材料均匀分散在整个体系中.结果表明：磁性LDH/PU复合材料对污泥发酵液中SCFAs的提取效率最大达到79.3%,经提取后的磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs作为碳源较葡萄糖作为碳源在反硝化作用中碳源利用率提升了6.7%,并且该碳源具备明显缓释效果,表明磁性LDH/PU-SCFAs可以作为生物脱氮过程中的一种新型高效外加缓释碳源.     

氧化石墨烯吸附Te (IV)性能与机理的模拟实验研究

²¹⁰Po是加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）次临界堆铅铋冷却剂和散裂靶产生的重要放射性核素.本文以同主族元素Te（IV）代替Po（IV）,首先对氧化石墨烯（GO）吸附Po（IV）的性能进行了模拟实验研究.结果显示：GO对Te（IV）的吸附率随时间增加可分为快速增加阶段、缓慢上升阶段和吸附2.5 h后的饱和阶段;GO对Te（IV）的吸附率随溶液pH值增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,当pH值为4.7时,吸附率最大;随着吸附体系GO量逐渐增加,GO对Te（IV）的吸附率先线性上升后恒定,吸附量则呈现先不变后下降的趋势.进一步的吸附机理分析结果表明：GO对Te（IV）的吸附以弱化学作用为主,且随吸附过程进行,吸附限速步骤由内扩散转变为膜扩散,吸附表面由非均质转变为均质;羧基、环氧基和CC键是GO吸附Te（IV）的主要结合位点,且结合中Te（IV）化合价不变.     

广州市北部土壤天然放射性水平研究

用高纯锗g能谱分析仪测量了广州市北部土壤中放射性核素238U,226Ra,232Th和40K的含量,分别为167.5(43.0~605.0)Bq/kg, 171.7(47.8~603.6)Bq/kg,183.2(45.4~447.1)Bq/kg和871.7(70.5~1967.2)Bq/kg,与全国和广东省的平均值相比明显偏高.测量了采样点1m高空气γ辐射吸收剂量率,并与利用Beck公式的计算值进行了对比,计算值普遍高于实际测量值.还计算了等效镭浓度、外照射指数和年有效剂量率,平均值分别为502.0Bq/kg,1.4,284.7μSv/a,表明广州市的γ辐射外照射水平远高于全国和广东省平均值.