稀土氨氮废水对黄河内蒙段水体污染及治理机理研究

在分析稀土生产工艺、稀土氨氮废水产生及废水水质具体情况的基础上,详细对黄河内蒙段氨氮污染状况,水质监测数据的时间和空间分布进行了剖析,提出了采用吹脱法治理稀土氨氮废水是切实可行的方法,同时对稀土产业今后的发展方向给出了建议。     

Elevated CO2 reduces the response of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) to alarm pheromone

The aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is an efficient signal that warns aphids of attack by natural enemies. In this field study, eight open-top chambers (OTCs) located in Beijing, China (40°11′N, 116°24′E) with spring wheat Triticum aestivum were used to examine the response of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae to CO₂ (ambient vs. double ambient) and EβF (applied zero, two, or five times each day). We experimentally tested the hypotheses that, depending on frequency of EβF release, elevated CO₂ reduces the response (in terms of population density) of S. avenae to EβF, and that lower activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in S. avenae may be involved in its reduced sensitivity to EβF under elevated CO₂. Numbers of S. avenae declined with increased frequency of EβF application under ambient CO₂ but were unaffected by EβF application under elevated CO₂. Additionally, the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the dry material and amino acid content of S. avenae increased with elevated CO₂ but declined when with EβF application. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in S. avenae under elevated vs. ambient CO₂. Under elevated CO₂, however, AChE activity remained low when S. avenae was exposed to the lower EβF frequency, while the highest AChE activity occurred in aphids exposed to the higher EβF frequency. These results indicate that aphids become insensitive to EβF under elevated CO₂, perhaps because of decreased AChE activity.     

高效厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)工艺性能研究

采用模拟含氨废水和颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器研究了厌氧氨氧化工艺的高效性能.试验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺具有很高的容积效率,在35℃、进水氨氮浓度247.1～444.8mg·L-1、亚硝氮浓度为308.7～483.8mg·L-1的条件下,反应器水力停留时间可缩至0.237～0.267h,平均容积去除速率可高达61.4kg.m-.3d-1(以N计).同时,该工艺具有超常的运行稳定性,在进水基质浓度、进水流量和pH波动的情况下,总氮去除率和出水浓度的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%～6.9%和14.4%～22.6%.厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺的高效稳定性可归因于反应器的强污泥持留能力和厌氧氨氧化污泥的高反应活力.系统内持留的污泥浓度高达24～28g·L-1(以VSS计),分批培养测得的最高比污泥活性为2.19g.g-1.d-1(以N计),连续培养测得的最高比污泥活性为3.62g.g-.1d-1(以N计).     

污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

生活污水厂剩余污泥化学调质药剂的比选

近年来,随着污水处理率的提高,污泥产量逐年增加,对污泥脱水的要求也日益提高,为改善污泥脱水性能,化学调质被越来越广泛的研究和应用.以污泥毛细吸水时间(CST)、机械脱水泥饼的含水率以及加药成本为指标,考察了几种有机和无机调质药剂对生活污水厂剩余污泥脱水性能的影响,并最终确定了最佳的调质药剂.通过大量试验筛选,含水率95.1％左右的剩余浓缩污泥经加药调质后CST明显减小,再经板框压滤最终泥饼含水率可降至50％以下,且加药成本较低.     

一种提高硬铬镀层气密性的方法

分析研究了硬铬镀层气密性不佳的原因。为提高电镀硬铬镀层的气密性,采用一种封孔技术对镀层进行后处理。研究表明,用518封孔剂处理后的硬铬镀层,气密性可满足"20 MPa,30 min气密性试验,铬层不出现渗漏气泡"的要求,封孔剂可进入到镀层20～30μm的深度,且耐液压油性能较好。     

暴雨洪涝敏感性影响因子分析及评估--以江西安义县为例

由于区域地理环境存在差异,洪涝敏感性影响因子的选取主要根据区域地理特征及个人经验确定,缺乏统一的标准、系统的分析和科学的评价。洪涝灾害与影响因子之间是复杂的、多变量的非线性关系,与研究区的地质、地貌、土地覆盖等诸多因素密切相关。针对不同的研究区域,搜集尽可能全面的影响因子并对其进行优化选取是实现洪涝敏感性准确评估的前提和保证。南昌市安义县位于潦河中下游,是洪涝灾害的主要受灾区域。基于遥感影像数据和地理信息系统技术,以安义县为例开展暴雨洪涝敏感性影响因子分析及评估研究。首先,利用成灾前后哨兵一号雷达影像提取安义县2016年6月30日至7月5日暴雨洪涝的淹没范围,选取高程、降水、用地类型、距河流距离、坡度等15个洪涝敏感性影响因子。然后,基于随机森林模型对15个影响因子进行重要性排序,按照排序结果对影响因子逐步精简,并基于神经网络模型对影响因子进行优化选取。最后,基于优化选取后的影响因子,采用神经网络模型进行安义县洪涝敏感性评估,并用实例验证洪涝敏感性评估结果的可靠性。研究结果表明,在精简收敛指数、坡向、剖面曲率、地形位置指数和汇流动力指数5个最不重要的影响因子后,神经网络模型的性能有一定提升;敏感性等级为中等及中等以上区域主要分布在潦河两岸,约占安义县总面积的1/3,近70%的洪涝分布在敏感性中等及中等以上区域,洪涝发生在洪涝敏感性等级为中等及中等以上区域的可能性非常大,洪涝敏感性评估结果与安义县实际情况相符。     

硝化污泥保藏特性的研究

研究了不同保藏方法对硝化污泥硝化活性和相关性状的影响.结果表明,不同饥饿保藏条件下,各种方法下的硝化活性均呈指数衰减,自然环境、4 ℃、-20 ℃、-20℃加15%体积甘油方法下的活性衰减速率分别为0.012 d-1、0.021 d-1、0.019 d-1、0.013 d-1,半衰期分别为1.71、1.09、1.22、...     

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units (CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2) with di erent specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle (ESC). An electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate (RCR) of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) at higher loads.