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排序方式: 共有232条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
171.
Jose M. Adam Author Vitae Francisco J. Pallarés Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(4):293-299
Problem
One of the phases with the highest risk of falls from a height in the construction of a building is during the floor slab formwork stage. This paper analyzes this particular risk, as well as the most frequently used fall-protection systems.Method
A survey was carried out to define the current situation in Spain with regard to falls from a height during floor slab formwork and the fall-protection systems used to prevent such a risk.Results
The results of the survey clarified the current situation in Spain with regard to this risk, and made it clear that there is considerable risk of falling from a height during the floor slab formwork stage.Discussion
All the safety systems analyzed presented a series of weak points that should be studied in detail before they can be used on building sites.Impact on industry
The risk of falling associated with floor slab formwork and the most frequently used protection systems are analyzed. As no research had been carried out to date on this type of risk, we consider the research presented in this article to be a pioneer in the field. 相似文献172.
Claire Laberge-Nadeau François Bellavance Stéphane Messier Lyne Vézina Fernand PichetteAuthor vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(6):427-435
Problem
Side impacts are a serious automotive injury problem; they represent about 30% of all fatalities for passenger vehicle occupants. This literature review focuses on occupant injuries resulting from real lateral collisions. It emphasizes the interaction between injury patterns and crash factors, taking into account type of injuries and their severity. It highlights what is known on the subject and suggests further studies.Method
We reviewed papers identified by searches in two electronic databases for the 1996-2009 publication period, and in specific journals and conference proceedings.Results
Studies on the Primary Direction of Force (PDOF) have revealed that fatal crashes occur most frequently when the PDOF is at 3 or 9 o'clock. The risk of serious injury is two to three times higher for the near-side occupant than for the far-side occupant. Head injuries predominate in oblique impacts and thoracic injuries in perpendicular ones. A few results are also reported on side airbag protection.Conclusions
This literature review presents an overall picture of the injuries caused by lateral collisions, though each of the papers or articles examined focuses mostly on some particular aspect of the problem. The incidence of specific injuries depends on the data source used. Very few population-based analyses of lateral collision injuries were found.Impact on industry
New studies are needed to evaluate new protective devices (e.g., lateral airbags, inflatable curtains). Without interfering with their care duties, Emergency Medical Technicians could be systematically trained to observe the collision's specific characteristics and to report all their relevant observations to the emergency physicians to increase the likelihood of prompt diagnosis and proper care. 相似文献173.
Virginia Routley Joan Ozanne-Smith Yu Qin Ming WuAuthor vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,(6):449-454
Objective
To determine and validate patterns of seat belt use and attitudes of taxi drivers on wearing a seat belt following national and provincial seat belt legislation in 2004-2005. Design: Roadside daylight seat belt observation and interview survey methods were used, as well as observations from inside taxis during routine trips and a taxi driver focus group. The setting was Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China in April of 2006 and 2007.Main outcome measures
Prevalence of seat belt use and attitudes to wearing a seat belt were determined, as were vehicle and driver characteristics, and comparisons with other motor-vehicle driver's seat belt use and attitudes.Results
Taxi drivers interviewed were predominantly male and aged 30-39 years. They spent more hours per week in their vehicles and had more driving experience than other drivers. Over half (56.2%) of taxi drivers interviewed reported that they always wore seat belts, while observation of taxi drivers showed lower wearing rates (i.e., roadside observation was 43.8%, and observation from inside taxis was 36.2%). Belt tampering was a practice of 12-15% of taxi drivers. “Fine avoidance, safety, high speed and long trips” were given as important reasons for wearing and “feeling trapped and uncomfortable” for not wearing. Seat belt reminder signs in taxis were common (82.6% of taxis), but did not appear to impact on driver seat belt use.Conclusion
The four research methods found taxi drivers to have consistently low “correct wearing” rates.Impact on industry
As in several other countries, taxi drivers are particularly resistant to seat belt use. Innovative strategies, including occupational health and safety approaches, may be required to achieve increased levels of seat belt use. 相似文献174.
Laor Y Koziel JA Cai L Ravid U 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(9):1187-1197
Livestock operations are associated with emissions of odor, gases, and particulate matter. The majority of previous livestock odor studies focused on swine operations whereas relatively few relate to dairy cattle. Identifying the compounds responsible for the primary odor impact is a demanding analytical challenge because many critical odor components are frequently present at very low concentrations within a complex matrix of numerous insignificant volatiles. The objective of this study was to describe a chemical-sensory profile of dairy manure odor using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O). Two analytical approaches were used: (1) HS-SPME time-series extractions (from seconds up to 20 hr) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) analyses, and (2) relatively short HS-SPME extractions (30 min) followed by MDGC-MS-O analyses on selected chromatogram heart-cuts. Dairy manure was collected at research dairy farms in the United States and Israel. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) resolved from multiple analyses included sulfur-containing compounds, volatile fatty acids, ketones, esters, and phenol/indole derivatives. A total of 86 potential odorants were identified. Of them, 17 compounds were detected by the human nose only. A greater number of VOCs and odorous compounds were detected, as well as higher mass loading, on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers observed for longer extractions with SPME. However, besides sulfur-containing compounds, other selected compounds showed no apparent competition and displacement on the SPME fiber. The use of MDGC-MS-O increased chromatographic resolution even at relatively short extractions and revealed 22 additional odorants in one of the regions of the chromatogram. The two analytical approaches were found to be parallel to some extent whereas MDGC-MS-O can also be considered as a complementary approach by resolving more detailed chemical-sensory odor profiles. 相似文献
175.
176.
Assessment of perceived injury risks and priorities among truck drivers and trucking companies in Washington State 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peregrin Spielholz Author Vitae Jennifer Cullen Author Vitae Author Vitae Ninica Howard Author Vitae Author Vitae David Bonauto Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(6):569-576
Problem
The trucking industry experiences one of the highest work-related injury rates. Little work has been conducted previously in the United States to assess the hazards, needs, and injury prevention priorities in trucking. Method: Two separate industry-wide surveys of 359 trucking companies and 397 commercial truck drivers were conducted in Washington State. Results: Trucking companies and drivers both ranked musculoskeletal and slip, trip, fall injuries as the top two priorities. Controlling heavy lifting, using appropriate equipment, and addressing slippery surfaces were frequently listed as solutions. There appears to be a gap in safety climate perception between workers and employers. However, driver and company priorities agreed with industry workers' compensation claims. There is room for safety program management improvement in the industry. The study findings detail opportunities for prioritizing and reducing injuries. Impact on Industry: This information can be used to focus and design interventions for the prevention of work-related injuries while improving industry competitiveness. 相似文献177.
178.
Michael Sivak Author Vitae Omer Tsimhoni Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(5):453-457
Introduction
In the early stages of motorization, it did not take rigorous scientific research to achieve major improvements in traffic safety. Instead, early traffic-safety countermeasures were often based exclusively on common sense. Since then, scientific research has gradually increased in importance as the basis for developing successful interventions. This shift was not made by choice but mostly by necessity: Many of the “easy” problems have already been addressed, and the remaining problems are generally too complex for an approach based solely on common sense. Fortunately, our understanding of the complexities involved in traffic safety has recently made major gains, and common sense can now be supplemented, to some degree, by valid technical analysis.Approach
This article discusses major conceptual issues that should be considered in guiding the future development of effective, science-based traffic-safety countermeasures.Impact on industry
After briefly discussing the conceptual issues, the article offers a list of implications for action. 相似文献179.
Rebecca C. Gray Author Vitae Andrew Evans Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(5):483-495
Introduction
Young male drivers are over-represented in traffic accidents; they were involved in 14% of fatal accidents from 1991 to 2003 while holding only 8% of all drivers licenses in the UK. In this study, a subset of the UK national road accident data from 1991 to 2003 has been analyzed. The primary aim is to determine how to best use monetary and progressive resources to understand how road safety measures will reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers in both London and Great Britain.Method
Ordered probit models were used to identify specific accident characteristics that increase the likelihood of one of three categorical outcomes of accident severity: slight, serious, or fatal.Results
Characteristics found to lead to a higher likelihood of serious and fatal injuries are generally similar across Great Britain and London but are different from those predicted to lead to a higher likelihood of slight injuries. Those characteristics predicted to lead to serious and fatal injuries include driving in darkness, between Friday and Sunday, on roads with a speed limit of 60 mph, on single carriageways, overtaking, skidding, hitting an object off the carriageway, and when passing the site of a previous accident. Characteristics predicted to lead to slight injuries include driving in daylight, between Monday and Thursday, on roads with a speed limit of 30 mph or less, at a roundabout, waiting to move, and when an animal is on the carriageway.Impact on Industry
These results aid the selection of policy options that are most likely to reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers. 相似文献180.
Emile Tompa Author Vitae Roman Dolinschi Author Vitae Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):41-47