Ca~(2+)对生物膜形态结构及其组分的影响

通过向序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中投加Ca2+,考察Ca2+对生物膜形态结构及其组分的影响,探究Ca2+在生物膜形成中的作用影响规律及其对生物膜反应器运行的影响,以期能为含钙废水处理及优化废水处理效果提供理论指导。研究结果表明,Ca2+浓度增加有助于生物膜形成,并提高生物膜结构致密性;连续少量增加Ca2+(1~2 mg/L)有助于挂膜初期(约10 d)有机物去除;然而Ca2+浓度过高则会抑制生物膜活性,影响其降解性:当Ca2+浓度超过120 mg/L时,氨氮去除率出现下降,当Ca2+浓度超过280 mg/L时,有机物和总氮去除率显著下降。对生物膜及其胞外多聚物(EPS)组分的分析表明,Ca2+不会刺激微生物分泌产生更多EPS,但会导致生物膜干重增加。     

污泥-秸秆基活性炭的制备及其对渗滤液COD的吸附

以市政污泥与玉米秸秆为原料,采用化学活化法热解制备污泥-秸秆基活性炭,研究其物化性质、热解动力学特性及对渗滤液中COD的吸附性能。考察吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和溶液p H对COD去除率的影响,并用吸附等温线对吸附数据进行了拟合。结果表明,秸秆比例越高,活性炭的吸附碘值和BET比表面积越大,最大可达663 mg/g和902 m2/g;活性炭表面呈不规则的多孔状;秸秆比例为45%的活性炭在最佳实验条件下对COD的吸附去除率为82%;活性炭对COD的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型。     

Displacement and competitive sorption of organic pollutants on multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Displacement of lindane presorbed on the pristine and OH-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by phenanthrene, naphthalene, and atrazine, and competition of these compounds with lindane on the aforementioned sorbents were investigated. Displacement of lindane presorbed on MWCNTs by atrazine, naphthalene, and phenanthrene, and competitive sorption effect of these chemicals with lindane on MWCNTs followed the same order: atrazine > naphthalene > phenanthrene. The lowest competition and displacement of lindane by phenanthrene were mainly because of the strong interactions between these two chemicals, whereas interaction of lindane with atrazine and naphthalene was quite low. The more pronounced displacement of lindane by atrazine than naphthalene and higher competitive sorption of lindane with atrazine than with naphthalene can be ascribed to the larger molecular volume of atrazine; thus, the steric hindrance effect is higher relative to naphthalene. This study is valuable for evaluating influence of the coexisting organic compounds on sorption of primary solute towards MWCNTs in the environment.     

稳定态纳米零价铁-厌氧菌联合处理法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚

利用SEM、XRD、FTIR等手段对稳定态纳米零价铁（NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI）进行表征,并考察NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系对2,4,6-三氯苯酚（2,4,6-TCP）的降解效果。实验结果表明：NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI具有较强的抗氧化能力及较好的分散性;当2,4,6-TCP质量浓度 50 mg/L、NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI加入量1 g/L、初始 pH 7.00、反应120 h时,2,4,6-TCP的去除率为34.76%,一级降解速率常数为0.022 1,均远大于普通纳米零价铁颗粒;在NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI-厌氧菌体系中,2,4,6-TCP的去除率可达82.70%,NH₂-SiO₂@NZVI与厌氧微生物之间表现出明显的协同效应,能有效缓解2,4,6-TCP对厌氧微生物的抑制作用,稳定体系pH,提高微生物的降解活性和产甲烷活性。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧线路板铜的浸出率与时间的关系

探讨氧化亚铁硫杆菌SW-02(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans SW-02)浸提废旧印刷线路板Cu的适宜浸出时间,对Cu的浸出率与时间的关系进行了研究。通过摇瓶培养的方式,在30℃,摇床转速为170 r/min条件下进行浸出实验,按不同时间间隔取样测定溶液Cu2+浓度,pH值与氧化还原电位。分析发现,线路板加入量在30 g/L及以上时,浸出40 h后浸出反应停止,而线路板加入量在15 g/L时,浸出40 h后Cu的浸出率达到70%,继续浸出,浸出率不再显著增加。研究结果表明,铜的适宜浸出时间为40 h。     

布袋过滤除尘中气固两相流的格子Boltzmann模拟

使用格子Boltzmann方法对含尘气体通过布袋滤料纤维的流动进行了数值模拟,采用拉格朗日方法跟踪了颗粒相中每个粒子的位置和速度并进行单向耦合计算。分析了气流通过纤维捕集体过程中的压降的变化规律,结果与达西渗透定律吻合。与此同时,对粒径小于1μm的气溶胶粒子在布袋纤维捕集体上的沉积规律展开了讨论。结果表明,粒径小于0.01μm的粒子的捕集主要受粒子的布朗随机扩散效应的控制;粒径大于0.1μm的粒子则主要依靠纤维滤料的拦截作用而沉积在捕集体表面;而粒径在0.01～0.1μm范围的粒子则具有较低的捕集效率。模拟结果为研究袋式除尘的过滤机理提供了依据。     

银钛共负载型光催化材料降解甲基橙废水简

以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法对其进行负载,制备出不同类型的光催化材料（TiO₂-EP、Ag⁺-TiO₂-EP）,并在模拟日光条件下,研究其对甲基橙溶液的降解效果。结果表明,浸渍3次且担载0.04% Ag⁺的负载型TiO₂光催化活性最高,在光催化剂用量为0.3 g,20 mL初始浓度为10 mg/L甲基橙溶液光照4 h后降解率可达81.6%,且甲基橙的光催化降解服从一级动力学方程。回收3次后仍有较强的活性,其2 h降解率为24.8%。     

鄱阳湖越冬鸟类种群动态与保护研究

目前为止缺少对鄱阳湖全湖冬候鸟的种群动态和群落方面的研究分析,拟通过对鄱阳湖冬候鸟群落多样性和种群动态的分析,为该地区冬候鸟及其栖息地保护提出建设性建议。2010～2012年冬季,通过采用直接计数法和样线法调查鄱阳湖湿地冬季碟形湖内的越冬鸟类群落结构。总共记录到越冬鸟类88种,另有29种属于文献报道但本次调查中未发现的种类。总共117种鸟类分别属于目、鹈形目、鹳形目、雁形目、鹤形目、鸻行目和佛法僧目。在鄱阳湖,种类和数量分布最多的是冬候鸟,达到78种。小天鹅、鸿雁、豆雁、白额雁、绿翅鸭和斑嘴鸭是鄱阳湖湿地越冬鸟类中的绝对优势种,鸟类个体数量最多的冬季蝶形湖泊主要包括鄱阳湖自然保护区的蚌湖、大湖池、沙湖和大汊湖,都昌县的黄金嘴,南矶山湿地自然保护区的白沙湖,余干县的林充湖和南湖,以及鄱阳县的珠湖。各种越冬鸟类在鄱阳湖湿地的种群数量分布差异主要是与各碟形湖水位的高低和食物的分布密切相关。只有在冬季开始后,使碟形湖洼地的水位逐渐降低,越冬鸟类才能够更有效的利用湖泊中的食物     

古夫河着生藻类优势种生态位研究

采用Smith生态位宽度公式、Pianka生态位重叠指数公式和冗余分析（RDA）对古夫河22种优势种进行生态位计算和分析。结果表明,古夫河春夏季着生藻类优势种以硅藻门和蓝藻门的种类居多。根据不同月份的生态位宽度将古夫河着生藻类优势种分为5类,第一类优势种具有最宽的生态位且它们与蓝藻类优势种的重叠性指数最大。古夫河着生藻类优势种的分布受总氮、酸碱度、氨氮的影响较大。第一类优势种可反映古夫河总体水质情况,第五类优势种反映古夫河水体中某一个或几个水质因子的变化;生态位重叠值大小可反映古夫河水质是否受到外来因素干扰;结合RDA排序图和优势藻类种群变化可判断古夫河水体中总氮、氨氮及酸碱度含量的变化。     

A novel pretreatment approach for fast determination of organochlorine pesticides in biotic samples

Recent studies have focused on enantiomeric behaviors of chiral organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biotic matrix because they provide insights into the biotransformation processes of chiral OCPs. In the present paper, a double in-line column chromatographic method was developed to effectively remove the lipid impurity in different biotic samples for clean-up of OCPs. After an initial Soxhlet extraction of OCPs from the biotic samples by a mixture of acetone and dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was directly added to the extract, and low boiling point solvents (acetone and DCM) were then evaporated. OCPs remained in DMSO were eluted via column 1 filled with silicon gel, and subsequently passed through column 2 packed with 15% deactivated florisil. This novel method was characterized by significant time and solvent savings. The recovery rates of α -HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), β -HCH, γ -HCH and δ -HCH were 78.5 ± 3.1%, 72.4 ± 7.7%, 72 ± 4.0% and 70.0 ± 8.7%, respectively, and 92.5 ± 3.8%, 79.7 ± 6.7% and 83.4 ± 6.5% for 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- chlorophenyl) ethylene (o,p′-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro phenyl)ethane (o,p′-DDD) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p′-DDT), separately. In addition, the separation efficiencies of the target compounds by both achiral and chiral gas chromatographic columns were satisfactory using the established method. Therefore, the double in-line column chromatography was a useful alternative method for pretreatment of OCPs in different biotic samples.