基于灾害系统理论的地震灾害链研究——中国汶川“5.12”地震和日本福岛“3.11”地震灾害链对比

重大自然灾害中灾害链对灾情的巨大放大、累加作用,使灾害链研究备受关注。基于灾害系统理论,以中国汶川"5.12"地震灾害和日本福岛"3.11"地震灾害为例进行了地震灾害链梳理和区域对比,并探讨了不同灾害系统下,孕灾环境和承灾体对灾害链致灾成灾的影响。通过构建承灾体脆弱性与灾情累积关系的概念模型,阐述了灾害链对灾情的放大机制。研究表明:汶川地震具有陆地山区灾害链特征,主要灾害链为地震→崩塌/滑坡→(泥石流→)堰塞湖灾害链和地震→结构破坏→设施受损灾害链;日本地震具有海洋岛屿灾害链特征,主要灾害链为地震→海啸→核事故灾害链、地震→(海啸→)结构破坏→火灾/生命线系统损毁灾害链和地震→滑坡/火山/水库溃坝灾害链等;两场地震灾害中灾害链的成因及灾害链对灾情的放大过程差异显著;福岛地震灾害链危害巨大,使灾情在其他相关国家放大。     

京津地区大气颗粒物的表征及来源鉴别

采用中子活化分析及质子激发X荧光分析测定了160个样品中的45种元素含量,研究了不同粒径颗粒物中元素浓度的分布规律,得知对人体有害的元素主要富集在粒径小于2μm的细颗粒中。根据测定的元素浓度特征,可分成七个主要污染来源,即煤、土壤、石油、汽车尾气、建筑材料、海盐及冶金工业。化学元素平衡计算结果表明,天津地区七个污染源中,尘土和燃煤对大气颗粒物的贡献最大。     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

Recent development of a refined multiple air pollutant emission inventory of vehicles in the Central Plains of China

Central Plains region of China,represented by Henan Province,is facing serious air pollution problems.Vehicular exhaust emissions had adverse impacts on the atmospheric environment.The first comprehensive and novel vehicle emission inventory for Henan Province using vehicle kilometers traveled,localized emission factors,and activity data at city-level was developed.Furthermore,3 km×3 km gridded emission and temporal variations were determined by using localized information.Results show that the total emissions of sulfur dioxide(SO_2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbon monoxide(CO),particular matter with aerodynamic diameter10μm(PM_(10)),aerodynamic diameter2.5μm(PM_(2.5)),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),VOCs-evaporation and ammonia in 2015 were 9.1,533.4,1190.7,23.7,21.6,150.8,31.5 and 10.4 Gg,respectively,and the emission intensities of the above pollutants were 0.05,2.7,6.0,0.1,0.1,0.8,0.2 and 0.05 g/km,respectively.Vehicles meeting the Primary China 1,China 3 and China 4 contributed 89.1%,82.7%,75.3%,75.5%,75.5%,68.2%,68.4%and 82.3%for SO_2,NO_x,CO,PM_(10),PM_(2.5),VOCs,VOCs-evaporation and ammonia emissions,respectively.Zhengzhou,Zhoukou,Nanyang,Luoyang,Shangqiu and Xinyang showed relatively higher emissions and contributed more than 50%of each pollutant.The spatial distribution indicated obvious characteristics of the road network,and high-level emission was concentrated in the downtown areas.Additionally,the ozone formation potential(OFP)based on the estimated speciated VOC emissions was 569.6 Gg in Henan Province.Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main species of VOCs,whereas olefins contributed the largest proportion of OFP,with 42.2%.     

雅克拉凝析气田集气管道腐蚀研究与治理

对雅克拉凝析气田单井集输系统腐蚀状况进行分析,得出该腐蚀主要是CO_2腐蚀和冲刷腐蚀综合作用的结论,提出并实施相应的防腐对策。     

应对数字化地形变观测干扰分析与实践

文章在讨论、分析2010年5月初密封前后主要气象因素(大风、气压、强降水)对淮北台定点地形变观测影响的基础上,认为大风主要对倾斜仪产生干扰,气压主要对伸缩仪产生干扰,且密封后主要气象因素的干扰均得到改善。     

酸性水动态淋滤与静态浸泡土壤中氟的实验研究

模拟研究了不同pH值的淋滤液对土壤的动态淋滤及静态浸泡,用氟离子选择电极法测定了不同pH值淋滤液在不同时间段获取的淋出液中氟浓度以及淋滤后残渣中的氟含量,结果表明:淋滤液的pH值、淋滤时间以及土壤中氟的赋存形态对氟的淋出影响重大。淋滤液的酸性越强,土壤中氟的最大淋出浓度越大,土壤中被淋出的氟含量越高,淋出率也越高且氟的淋出主要集中在淋滤初期60h内,后渐趋于平缓;动态淋滤淋出的氟含量及溶出率均稍高于静态浸泡,这可能源于动态淋滤较强的分子运动,进而使提取剂充分渗透到土壤基质中。黄壤、黄棕壤、水稻土在pH=3的淋出液中的氟浓度变化曲线表明土壤淋洗作用更多的是将土壤中的可溶性氟盐淋洗掉。可溶性氟盐越多,被淋失的氟就越多。     

Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems

We investigated the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) in activated sludge collected from eight wastewater treatment systems using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP),cloning,and sequencing of the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene(amoA).The T-RFLP fingerprint analyses showed that different wastewater treatment systems harbored distinct AOB communities.However,there was no remarkable difference among the AOB TRFLP profiles from different parts of the same system.The T-RFLP fingerprints showed that a full-scale wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) contained a larger number of dominant AOB species than a pilot-scale reactor.The source of influent affected the AOB community,and the WWTPs treating domestic wastewater contained a higher AOB diversity than those receiving mixed domestic and industrial wastewater.However,the AOB community structure was little affected by the treatment process in this study.Phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA genes clearly indicated that all the dominant AOB in the systems was closely related to Nitrosomonas spp.not to Nitrosospira spp.Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas communis clusters were found in all samples,while members of Nitrosomonas europaea cluster occurred in some systems.     

Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

焦作市浅层地下水氟污染及成因分析

通过对焦作市各县（市）区浅层地下水中氟化物含量的分析与评价,从土壤环境、水文地球化学环境、地形地貌等方面对焦作市高氟地下水的污染成因进行了分析,表明焦作市浅层地下水存在三个氟污染带,即高氟区;高氟区的形成是多因素共同作用的结果,其中土壤因素和水文地球化学作用是高氟区形成的主要因素,独特的地貌、气候和人类活动也是高氟区的形成因素。