喀喇昆仑山-昆仑山植物区系的一般特征及植物资源的保护与开发利用

本文根据1987—1988年两年考察的结果,初步讨论了喀喇昆仑—昆仑山地区植物区系的一般特征:1.植物种类比较贫乏高等植物仅243属约700种;2.北温带分布型属占绝对优势;3.以桑株河谷为界,昆仑山西段与东段的植物区系有很大差异;4.无严格的特有属,但种的分化强烈,种群数量大。本区由于极端干旱,自然生态系统十分脆弱,而森林和各类天然植被在维护本区自然生态系统平衡方面,起着十分重大的作用。在严格保护使森林和各类自然植被不致破坏的前提下,提出本区最有可能开发利用的植物资源是药用植物资源,除许多著名的中药外,应着重开发利用红景天属(Rhodiola)、风毛菊属(Saussurea)、葱属(Allium)的药用植物,并对当地的民族药物矮膜苞芹(Hymnolaena nana)等,进行深入研究。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器启动及运行的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺是近年来废水处理领域的一个新发现。它是指在厌氧条件下由自养型Anammox细菌将NH4 -N直接转化为N2。厌氧氨氧化作为一种新型的污水处理工艺具有较高的理论意义和良好的应用前景。在此,概述了近年来国内研究人员在Anammox工艺研究中所采用的不同培养反应器及其启动方法和培养过程,以及他们的成功经验,由此说明厌氧氨氧化研究利用的可行性及其研究意义。     

饮用水中亚硝酸盐及微量元素对癌症发病率的影响研究

从环境地理学和环境化学的角度出发，研究了饮用水中亚硝酸盐以及微量元素的分布与癌症发病率的关系。在对江苏省如皋地区饮用水水样检测的基础上，指出研究区的饮用水中虽然亚硝酸盐严重超标，但是并没有与癌．症发病率形成相关性。同时运用方差分析方法时饮用水中的微量元素进行研究，选出了若干种与如皋地区的癌症发病率存在很强相关性的微量元素，并讨论了这些元素的分布特征与癌症发病率的具体关系。     

An investigation of methods for enriching trophoblast from maternal blood

Trophoblast deportation is known to occur in normal human pregnancy, but it is not yet clear whether these cells routinely enter the maternal peripheral circulation and are available as a source of fetal DNA for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. To resolve this issue requires an efficient method of enriching trophoblast from maternal blood combined with a means to confirm its identity. Five different techniques were tested on ten retroplacental blood samples to determine the most sensitive and operator-efficient method. Lysis of red cells alone gave the best recovery of trophoblast but had to be discounted, together with Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, due to the very low purity and the excessive time required. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of pre-enriched trophoblast resulted in the lowest recovery rate (8 per cent) despite a 3250-fold enrichment and a very high purity. Immunomagnetic beads (Dynabeads) coated with anti-CD 16 antibody proved to be the best method for the subsequent immunocytochemical characterization of deported trophoblast. However, IO beads coated with anti-CD45 antibody may be more useful for isolating trophoblast for prenatal diagnosis due to the high purity, enrichment (32-fold), and recovery rate (78 per cent) obtained with this method.     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on nematode communities in a Chinese farmland ecosystem

At a rice-wheat rotational free-air CO2 enrichment(FACE) platform, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil nematode communities in a farmland ecosystem was studied. Wheat plots were exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 (ambient 370 μl/L 200 μl/L).32 families and 40 genera of nematode were observed in soil suspensions during the study period. Under FACE treatment, the numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores and fungivores exhibited an increasing trend. Because of the seasonal variation of soil temperature and moisture, the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil nematodes was only observed under favorable conditions. The response of nematode communities to elevated atmospheric CO2 may indicate the change of soil food web.     

建设项目实施过程中的可行性研究与环境影响评价

作者根据多年的工作实践，分析了目前建设项目可行性研究与环境影响评价工作中存在的一些问题。提出了编写环境影响评价报告时如何有效地利用建设项目的可行性研究报告文本，以及在没有可行性研究报告的情况下怎样使环境影响评价报告能够准确地反映建设项目的环境问题，进而保证环境影响报告书的质量。总之，恰当处理这两者之间的关系，保证建设项目在建设期与运营期降低与防止建设项目对周边环境影响是本文的主要目的之一。     

泰国和越南的产业改革和养虾业通向生态、社会及经济可持续发展的道路

越南的养虾业正处在对生产体系的基础改造,使其转变成一个重要产业的过程中.该地区其他国家的经验,特别是高投入生产体系占主导地位的泰国的经验表明,现在正是通过干预使养虾业改道进入在生态、社会和经济上更可持续的道路.在泰国,实施强化的体系和复杂的产业组织的多年经验并没有获得可持续的解决办法.这里所面临的任务是使社会重新赢得控制并沿着更有效和良性发展的道路改变改革的发展方向.我们的分析结果表明,这两个国家的现行方法不可能使养虾业可持续的发展,需要对整个对虾的生产、喂养、加工、供销及管理的方式进行全面改革.     

Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings

In this study a method is suggested to compare the net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from the construction of concrete- and wood-framed buildings. The method is then applied to two buildings in Sweden and Finland constructed with wood frames, compared with functionally equivalent buildings constructed with concrete frames. Carbon accounting includes: emissions due to fossil fuel use in the production of building materials; the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass residues from logging, wood processing, construction and demolition; carbon stock changes in forests and buildings; and cement process reactions. The results show that wood-framed construction requires less energy, and emits less CO₂ to the atmosphere, than concrete-framed construction. The lifecycle emission difference between the wood- and concrete-framed buildings ranges from 30 to 130 kg C per m² of floor area. Hence, a net reduction of CO₂ emission can be obtained by increasing the proportion of wood-based building materials, relative to concrete materials. The benefits would be greatest if the biomass residues resulting from the production of the wood building materials were fully used in energy supply systems. The carbon mitigation efficiency, expressed in terms of biomass used per unit of reduced carbon emission, is considerably better if the wood is used to replace concrete building material than if the wood is used directly as biofuel.     

黄陵至延安高速公路k295+750-k296+050段滑坡稳定性分析与治理

在介绍黄陵至延安高速公路k295+750～k296+050滑坡工程地质情况的基础上,对滑坡的成因和机制进行了分析,并且进行了稳定性计算与评价。最后结合工程实际特点提出了以路肩挡墙作为支挡工程,并辅以刷方减重和地表排水相结合的合理处治方案。     

废塑料与炼焦配煤共焦化产物的分析

利用2kg模拟焦炉，进行了首钢炼焦配煤与北京市石景山区生活垃圾中的废塑料的共焦化实验。研究结果表明，添加废塑料有提高焦油收率和减少水的收率的趋势；但添加废塑料对成焦率、焦油产率及水产率的影响随废塑料处理方法和废塑料添加比例的不同而有差异；采用废塑料型煤或废塑料型煤破碎物与配煤共焦化在提高废塑料添加比例方面具有较大优势。