Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

黄土高原纬度梯度上的植物与土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征

选取陕西省延安市的富县、甘泉县、安塞县和榆林市的靖边县、横山县、榆阳区为研究区域,测定和分析研究区植物叶片和不同土层土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,阐明植物叶片和土壤化学计量学特征随纬度梯度的变化模式,为预测黄土高原植物营养元素的限制情况和生态系统的土壤养分状况提供依据.结果表明:1在35.95°~38.36°N的纬度范围内,植物叶片C、N、P含量的变化范围分别是336.95~477.38、18.09~33.17和1.07~1.73 mg·g-1,平均值分别为442.9、25.79和1.37 mg·g-1,变异系数分别为11.9%、17.4%和13.3%;植物叶片C、N、P含量与纬度之间存在显著的相关关系,但植物叶片C含量与叶片N、P含量随纬度的变化存在差异:随着纬度的升高,植物叶片C含量随之降低;而叶片N、P含量随之升高.植物叶片C∶N、C∶P均随着纬度的升高,呈现减小趋势;而植物叶片N∶P与纬度的相关关系并不显著.20~10、10~20和20~40 cm这3个土层土壤C和N的空间分布具有一致性,均随着纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,且含量随着土层的加深逐级递减;土壤P的空间分布与C、N不同,随着纬度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势.0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤C∶N随纬度的升高变化不显著,20~40 cm土壤C∶N随纬度的升高明显下降;3个土层的土壤C∶P、N∶P均随纬度的升高呈指数减少.3植物C、C∶N和C∶P与不同土层的土壤C、N、P均呈现显著的相关关系,植物N、P与土壤C、N呈现显著的相关关系,而叶片N∶P与不同土层土壤的C、N、P相关关系均不显著.研究表明,植物C、N、P含量与纬度之间存在一定的相关性,而植物与土壤的C、N、P含量之间的相关性并不一致,且与全球尺度相比,黄土高原地区草本植物生长更易受磷限制.     

环渤海海岸大气微塑料污染时空分布特征与表面形貌

微塑料污染已成为国内外的热点环境问题.目前,针对大气环境中微塑料污染的研究仅在少数地区开展.为比较环渤海沿海城市大气微塑料污染的长周期分布特征,本研究以烟台、天津和大连3个城市为例,于2018年6月—2019年5月进行大气沉降样品的采集,经体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和显微傅里叶红外光谱仪观察,分析了大气微塑料的类型、颜色、粒径、成分、微观形貌及主要成分等特征,并计算了微塑料的大气沉降通量.结果表明,在3个采样点大气沉降样品中共同存在纤维、薄膜、碎片和颗粒4种类型的微塑料,其中绝大部分为纤维类（>90%）.大气沉降微塑料的颜色主要包括透明、蓝色、红色、黑色等;粒径大多<1 mm.大气沉降样品中的微塑料主要成分为赛璐玢（>50%）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（>30%）,且微塑料表面存在明显风化特征.烟台、天津和大连地区单位面积微塑料年沉降量分别为2.7×10⁴、8.9×10⁴和7.2×10⁴粒·m^-2.研究结果可为环渤海海岸城市大气微塑料污染与防控研究提供科学依据.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的微生物降解

通过驯化富集培养,从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳＩ,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯菌ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的生物降解特性。邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌ＦＳＩ降解最适酸度为ｐＨ６．５～８．０,温度为２０～３５℃。菌株ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的生物降解反应速率遵循一级反应动力学模式。试验结果表明,菌株ＦＳＩ对邻苯二甲本二丁酯具有高效降解作用。     

水环境中PAHs源解析研究方法比较

综述了近年来水环境中PAHs源解析的方法,包括化学质量平衡法、因子分析法、稳定碳同位素法和比值法等,重点评述了方法的理论基础、适用条件、应用状况和存在问题,并结合我国情况分析了水环境中PAHs源解析方法的发展趋势.认为因子分析法与多元统计方法结合使用是当前我国PAHs源解析的最适用方法,可以实现对源贡献率的定量分析,与GIS技术结合应用,能实现PAHs源的空间统计分析,反映污染源影响作用的空间分布规律.     

Effects of Topographical Heterogeneity and Dispersal Limitation on Species Turnover in a Temperate Mountane Ecosystem: a Case Study in the Henan Province,China

Species turnover patterns can be inconsistent due to differences in the dispersal ability of different growth forms. Here, species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and bryophytes in the Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve in China were analyzed to determine patterns of species turnover along an elevation and spatial gradient. Variance partitioning was used to assess the relative contribution of topographic heterogeneity and dispersal limitation to species turnover. Our results suggest that the effect of dispersal limitation is more important than topographic heterogeneity on species turnover in temperate mountane ecosystems in the study area. Dispersal limitation has a greater effect on trees species turnover than on shrubs, herbs or bryophytes species turnover.     

Larval and Juvenile Fish Assemblage Structure of Inshore Habitats in the Middle Reaches of Li River,China: Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Relation to Abiotic Factors

To evaluate the effect of abiotic factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage in shallow waters of middle reaches of Li River, Guilin, China. Samplings were taken monthly at 7 stations in the mainstream and 2 stations in 3 tributaries from May 2014 to April 2015. Synchronously, temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen rainfall and discharge were obtained. In all, 11.886 larval and juvenile fish from 18 species belonging to 8 families, 16 genera was captured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed obvious significant difference between the environmental variables across sampling areas and months. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that water temperature, turbidity, discharge and rainfall were dominant factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage.     

成都市典型溶剂源使用行业VOCs排放成分特征

对成都市5类典型溶剂使用行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样监测,测定了其主要组成成分,得出了各行业的VOCs本地化排放系数.结果表明:芳香烃和含氧VOCs是主要成分,不同行业的特征VOCs组分各有不同;大气化学反应活性较大的物种大部分为芳香烃,其中对/间二甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)值约为141.88 mg·m~(-3),甲苯的OFP值约为90.90 mg·m~(-3),二者占总OFP的53%;家具制造行业的VOCs排放系数为0.61 kg·件~(-1),汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放系数为3.1 kg·辆~(-1),制鞋行业VOCs排放系数为4.04 g·双~(-1),印刷行业VOCs排放系数为34.7g·kg~(-1)油墨,人造板生产行业VOCs排放系数为3.67 g·m~(-3)人造板.     

微电解-Fenton联合工艺预处理煤层气井压裂废水

利用Fenton强化微电解工艺对煤层气井压裂废水展开预处理研究,以COD去除率和可生化性(B/C)为考察指标,单独工艺正交实验结果表明pH为3、反应时间为90 min、铁碳体积比为1.5∶1和pH为4、反应时间为80 min、H2O2投加量为4 mL/L分别是微电解与Fenton反应的最优条件,各可获得48.1%和44.9%的COD去除率。在最优条件下进行微电解-Fenton联合运行实验,连续61 h内COD去除率均稳定在65%以上,B/C由0.158上升到0.3以上,有利于后续生化处理的运行。     

游泳池中隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除

隐孢子虫是常见的球状寄生虫。接触含有隐孢子虫卵囊的水体可致隐孢子虫病,主要的临床表现为腹泻,严重者可致死。游泳池是主要的传播场所。采用容积为5 500 L的游泳池,进行隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的修复模拟实验,研究在游泳池条件下絮凝沙滤技术对直径为4.5μm隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除效果。实验结果表明,氯化铝剂量为0.1 mg/L,沙滤料高度为30 cm,内循环流速为11.5 L/min,对隐孢子虫卵囊替代物去除率在90%以上。该技术对浊度具有较好的处理效果,当进水浊度降低且接近于出水浊度时,系统进入稳定运行阶段,对虫卵囊替代物去除率可以达到96%。