漆渣的循环再利用

漆渣是喷漆过程产生的废弃物,2013年中国仅汽车行业就产生漆渣约6.64万t。由于漆渣的巨大产生量和有害属性,对处理和处置造成很大挑战。循环和再利用是废弃物处置方法中对环境最友好的解决方式。从水泥窑协同处置、热干燥处理及产物利用、热解处理及产物利用三方面,回顾了近20年来在漆渣循环再用方面的研究进展和实际应用。     

Oxidation of ofloxacin by Oxone/Co2+: identification of reaction products and pathways

Oxidative degradation of ofloxacin (OFX) by sulfate free radicals (SO₄ ^??) in the UV/Oxone/Co²⁺oxidation process was investigated for the first time, with a special focus upon identifying the transformation products as well as understanding the reaction pathways. Thirteen main compounds were identified after the initial transformation of OFX; the detailed structural information of which were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry and MS fragmentation analysis. The degradation pathways mainly encompassed ring openings at both the piperazinyl substituent and the quinolone moiety, indicating that the usage of SO₄ ^?? aided the oxidative degradation of OFX to undergo more facile routes compared to those in previous reports by using OH^?/h⁺ as the oxidant, where the initial transformation attacks were mainly confined to the piperazine moiety. Moreover, in this study, smart control over the pH conditions of the oxidation system via different modes of Oxone dosage resulted in the selective degradation of the functional sites of OFX molecule, where it was shown that the SO₄ ^??-driven destruction of the quinolone moiety of OFX molecule favored the neutral pH conditions. This would be beneficial for the reduction of bacterial resistance against quinolones in the aqueous environment.     

Comparison of lignin peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase for catalyzing the removal of nonylphenol from water

Concentrations of aqueous-phase nonylphenol (NP), a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical, are shown to be reduced effectively via reaction with lignin peroxidase (LiP) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide. We systematically assessed their reaction efficiencies at varying conditions, and the results have confirmed that the catalytic performance of LiP toward NP was more efficient than that of HRP under experimental conditions. Mass spectrum analysis demonstrated that polymerization through radical–radical coupling mechanism was the pathway leading to NP transformation. Our molecular modeling with the assistance of ab initio suggested the coupling of NP likely proceeded via covalent bonding between two NP radicals at their unsubstituted carbons in phenolic rings. Data from acute immobilization tests with Daphnia confirm that NP toxicity is effectively eliminated by LiP/HRP-catalyzed NP removal. The findings in this study provide useful information for understanding LiP/HRP-mediated NP reactions, and comparison of enzymatic performance can present their advantages for up-scale applications in water/wastewater treatment.     

聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附

制备了聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂,对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。采用批处理方法实验了pH、铜离子初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量对吸附量的影响,研究了等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型。优化后的吸附条件为:在铜离子溶液体积50 mL、初始浓度为300 mg/L、pH为6.0时,吸附剂投放量50 mg、吸附时间60 min,此时吸附量达到269.1 mg/g,去除率达89.7%。25℃时在研究浓度范围内,铜离子吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型描述均可;与准一级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程相比,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学过程。     

中国城镇化道路的反思与对策

改革开放加速了我国的城镇化进程。从1978年至2010年,城镇化率由17.92%迅速提高到49.95%,形成了长三角、珠三角、京津冀三大城市群,一批区域性城市群正在加速形成。城镇化的快速发展特别是城市群的形成为推动我国经济社会发展和增强国际竞争力发挥了重要作用。但与此同时,城镇化也带来了突出的可持续发展问题。主要表现在:人口过度膨胀,城市病集中爆发,经济增长与宜居性背道而驰;城市面貌千篇一律,野蛮拆迁横行,土地型资本运作难以持续;进城易,定居难,城乡"二元社会"问题正演变为城市内定居群体与流动群体"二元社会"问题;城市间恶性竞争,产业同构,建立分工协作的机制任重道远。基于此,本文提出了未来10年推进我国城镇化的对策思路:坚持积极发展小城市和小城镇方针,缓解地域中心城市人口压力;创新农村居民点用地管理制度,实现城镇化与新农村建设有机统一;加强城市规划与管理的科学化,全力提升城市品位;建立跨区域城市协调机制,破解恶性竞争与产业同构困局;促进公共服务均等化,消除新老"二元社会"问题。     

基于国家主体功能区规划的人口空间分布预测和建议

以国家主体功能区发展规划为框架,在分析国家主体功能区下人口空间分布现状及其影响因素的基础上,根据相关统计数据和最新的第六次人口普查数据,综合考虑分析了城市化率、总和生育率、死亡率、人口迁入率以及迁出率等影响因素,然后设定不同情景下的各种可能组合,预测出我国2020年、2030年、2040年、2050年优先开发区和重点开发区的人口空间分布。计算结果表明:2050年,优先开发区的长三角地区、环渤海地区和珠三角地区人口将分别达到183.57、151.68和144.03百万人;重点开发区的哈长地区、海峡西岸、北部湾地区、长江中游地区、成渝地区、关中-天水地区、中原经济区、江淮地区人口将分别达到34.526、117.028、12.147、58.896、65.560、25.075、32.372和21.613百万人。最后针对不同主体功能区提出了我国人口空间布局的战略选择和相关政策建议。     

我国台风灾害救助应急响应的时空分布特征

基于2005 - 2010年历次台风灾害救助应急响应的启动和损失情况,在统计分析响应频次和响应灾情的基础上,研究分析了国家台风灾害救助应急响应的时空分布特征.结果表明,国家台风灾害救助应急响应的时空分布特征大致反映了我国重大台风灾害损失的时空分布特征和我国台风灾害救助工作的发展变化和新思路:①2005 - 2010年,国家共针对24次台风过程启动救助应急响应51次,平均每年8.5次,其中四级、三级响应分别为41次、10次,平均每年6.8次、2.5次,分别占80％和20％.②7-9月国家启动台风应急响应最多,10月、5月和4月偶有分布.③近年重大台风损失2005 - 2006年严重,2007 - 2010年则较轻;国家针对台风灾害启动响应从东南沿海向内陆和北方沿海省份递减.④紧急转移安置人口是启动响应依据最多的指标,且呈现明显的逐年下降趋势,反映了近年来国家对台风灾害救助工作的重视和以“预防为主”的应急管理新思路.     

自然灾害社会脆弱性评估研究——以上海市为例

基于投影寻踪聚类模型(PPC),结合基于实数编码的加速遗传算法(RAGA),对上海市进行了自然灾害社会脆弱性评估的尝试。结果表明:①灾害社会脆弱性最高的为崇明县,其次为宝山区和金山区;②灾害社会脆弱性最低的是黄埔区,其次是徐汇区和静安区;③总体而言,灾害脆弱性较低的地区集中于上海城市中心区,而城市边缘区的社会脆弱性一般较高。     

330kV输电线路不落导线更换ZM塔施工技术

为了解决输电线路改造施工时影响被跨越物正常运行的难题,在组立铁塔过程中,采用了内悬浮提升抱杆,逐步抬高中相导线,保持导线不落地施工方法,对330 kV大-固线路跨越福-银高速公路段进行改造。应用结果表明:利用2根铝合金薄壁抱杆不落线对ZM铁塔加高的施工方法,操作简单,安全可靠,大大地节约了施工费用,可在类似改造工程中推广使用。     

Zinc accumulation and synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Physalis alkekengi L

A field survey and greenhouse experiments were conducted using Physalis alkekengi L. to investigate strategies of phytoremediation. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using P. alkekengi. P. alkekengi plants grew healthily at Zn levels from 50 to 5000 mg kg⁻¹ in soils. The plants incorporated Zn into their aerial parts (with mean dry weight values of 235-10,980 mg kg⁻¹) and accumulated biomass (with a mean dry weight of 25.7 g plant⁻¹) during 12 weeks. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed a polydisperse behavior and had a mean size of 72.5 nm. The results indicate that P. alkekengi could be used for the remediation of zinc-contaminated soils. Moreover, the synthetic method of synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles from Zn hyperaccumulator plants constitutes a new insight into the recycling of metals in plant sources.