Controlling cyanobacterial blooms by managing nutrient ratio and limitation in a large hypereutrophic lake: Lake Taihu, China

Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading of aquatic ecosystems is a leading cause of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms worldwide, and reducing nutrient levels in water has been a primary management objective. To provide a rational protection strategy and predict future trends of eutrophication in eutrophic lakes, we need to understand the relationships between nutrient ratios and nutrient limitations. We conducted a set of outdoor bioassays at the shore of Lake Taihu. It showed that N only additions induced phytoplankton growth but adding only P did not. Combined N plus P additions promoted higher phytoplankton biomass than N only additions, which suggested that both N and P were deficient for maximum phytoplankton growth in this lake (TN:TP = 18.9). When nutrients are present at less than 7.75-13.95 mg/L TN and 0.41-0.74 mg/L TP, the deficiency of either N or P or both limits the growth of phytoplankton. N limitation then takes place when the TN:TP ratio is less than 21.5-24.7 (TDN:TDP was 34.2-44.3), and P limitation occurs above this. Therefore, according to this ratio, controlling N when N limitation exists and controlling P when P deficiency is present will prevent algal blooms effectively in the short term. But for the long term, a persistent dual nutrient (N and P) management strategy is necessary.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

A screening assay for thyroid hormone signaling disruption based on thyroid hormone-response gene expression analysis in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus

Amphibian metamorphosis provides a wonderful model to study the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling disrupting activity of environmental chemicals, with Xenopus laevis as the most commonly used species. This study aimed to establish a rapid and sensitive screening assay based on TH-response gene expression analysis using Pelophylax nigromaculatus, a native frog species distributed widely in East Asia, especially in China. To achieve this, five candidate TH-response genes that were sensitive to T3 induction were chosen as molecular markers, and T3 induction was determined as 0.2 nmol/L T3 exposure for 48 hr. The developed assay can detect the agonistic activity of T3 with a lowest observed effective concentration of 0.001 nmol/L and EC50 at around 0.118–1.229 nmol/L, exhibiting comparable or higher sensitivity than previously reported assays. We further validated the efficiency of the developed assay by detecting the TH signaling disrupting activity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a known TH signaling disruptor. In accordance with previous reports, we found a weak TH agonistic activity for TBBPA in the absence of T3, whereas a TH antagonistic activity was found for TBBPA at higher concentrations in the presence of T3, showing that the P. nigromaculatus assay is effective for detecting TH signaling disrupting activity. Importantly, we observed non-monotonic dose-dependent disrupting activity of TBBPA in the presence of T3, which is difficult to detect with in vitro reporter gene assays. Overall, the developed P. nigromaculatus assay can be used to screen TH signaling disrupting activity of environmental chemicals with high sensitivity.     

凹凸棒土固定化植物酯酶研究

利用改性凹凸棒土为载体固定植物酯酶,对影响固定化效果的因素和固定化酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,固定化植物酯酶的优化条件为:戊二醛浓度为8%,交联时间1 h,固定温度40℃,加酶量20 m L/g凹凸棒土,p H值7.0,固定化时间5 h,固定化酶的酶活回收率约45%。比较固定化酶与游离酶的酶学性质,固定化酶和游离酶的最适温度分别为20℃和35℃,最适p H值分别为7.5和7,表观米氏常数Km分别为37.3 mmol/L和12.4 mmol/L,固定化酶与底物的亲合力下降,固定化酶的热稳定性、p H稳定性及贮存稳定性都较游离酶有了一定的提高。固定化酯酶对毒死蜱的抑制程度与毒死蜱的浓度对数有良好的线性关系,对毒死蜱的检测下限为11μg/L。     

江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理技术评价

农村生活污水处理技术种类繁多,实际应用效果参差不齐,且各类技术缺乏对实际工程实施的指导。针对江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水排放特点,研究了毛细管渗滤沟处理技术、厌氧池-人工湿地组合工艺、厌氧滤池-氧化塘-生态渠技术、SBR-化学除磷和膜生物反应器等技术的工艺参数、处理效果、投资估算和操作管理要求,并对各项技术进行综合评估。针对不同的污水处理规模,总结不同地区相应的推荐处理技术。     

裂隙对雾龙洞岩溶发育及地下径流的影响分析

尝试利用裂隙测量结果探究区域岩溶发育规律。采用统计窗口法对湖北鄂西地区雾龙洞岩溶流域的碳酸盐岩地层进行了大量的裂隙测量,分析了流域内裂隙发育的情况,研究了裂隙的几何参数——倾向、倾角、隙宽、线密度、面裂隙率等在不同层位、不同裂隙分组内的变化情况;结合构造、岩溶洼地发育方向、洞穴野外探测结果,综合分析了裂隙发育对本区岩溶发育的影响;运用渗透张量理论对岩溶流域裂隙的各向异性和非均质性进行了研究,并分析了雾龙洞岩溶流域地下水的主要渗流方向形成的原因,对查明雾龙洞岩溶流域岩溶发育规律以及地下水的运移、赋存规律具有一定的指导作用。     

河流氧化亚氮产生和排放研究综述

氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的重要温室气体.由于人类活动对土地的影响导致河流系统中氮的可利用性增加,河流生态系统的N2O排放量正日益增长.本文对国内外河流水体N2O溶存浓度和饱和度、水-气界面排放通量及沉积物-水界面交换通量等数据进行了收集,并总结和分析了河流生态系统中N2O的产生机制及主要影响因子.     

镁及其合金腐蚀析氢的研究现状

综述目前镁及其合金腐蚀过程中析氢的研究现状,阐述镁合金腐蚀过程中的析氢特点,并对已有解释镁合金析氢负差数效应的理论及存在的问题进行了总结,同时还概括了氢气对镁合金腐蚀的影响,回顾了传统测量氢气的方法及存在的问题,重点介绍了扫描电化学显微镜微区定量收集氢气的新方法,以及应用扫描电化学显微镜研究纯镁腐蚀过程中微区析氢行为。     

大渡河上游丹巴地区地质灾害的地貌分维特征解析

地貌对地质灾害的分布、类型、规模与危害等特征具有重要的影响,宏观及微观地貌指标均能在一定程度上刻画其作用特征。应用高分辨率遥感影像详细解译崩塌和滑坡灾害,采用高精度DEM和滑动窗口技术提取地貌分维特征,并用其解析灾害分布的地貌特征。结果表明:灾害体的内部与后壁、前缘、侧壁和邻区均表现出较为明显的分异性,崩塌的微地貌分异特征较之滑坡显著,大型、厚层、老(古)崩塌及滑坡分异特征更为突出。计算地貌分维值可有效识别与其同时期的或更早的地质灾害,也可间接挖掘新发生灾害的微地貌复杂性和离散性。