作物对增强UV-B辐射的响应及调控对策

就增强UV-B辐射对作物生长、生物量、产量、品质等方面的影响,对作物响应的种内、种间差异及相应的调控措施进行了论述。     

呈贡县蔬菜土壤有机质、阳离子交换量及分布特征研究

对呈贡县14个村的蔬菜土壤上下层有机质含量和阳离子交换量进行调查分析。土壤上下层的有机质平均含量分别为3 23%和1 87%,阳离子交换量平均为9 64cmol/kg和8 83cmol/kg;有机质与阳离子交换量之间存在显著正相关关系;土壤肥力变化趋势从西向东降低;上层土壤属肥沃等级,下层土壤为轻度和中度贫瘠。     

聚合物/改性白泥纳米复合材料研究与应用

白泥是造纸碱回收的废渣,国内外对造纸碱回收白泥的回收和再利用有了一定的研究,但由于技术问题和回收成本较高等原因,对白泥有效利用问题没能彻底的解决.我们在总结了目前国内外白泥回收现有技术状况的基础上,着重对白泥与聚合物共混制功能材料方面进行了相应的分析和研究,通过对白泥的改性处理并与聚合物共混制得高级别的聚合物/改性白泥纳米复合材料,扩大了回收白泥的应用领域和范围,降低了白泥的回收成本,并有效解决了白泥再利用问题.     

Vectors and Timing of Freshwater Invasions in Great Britain

Abstract: Nonindigenous freshwater species cause large ecological and economic impacts in Great Britain. In response the government is in the process of implementing a broad, new nonindigenous species strategy. We assembled a list of all nonindigenous freshwater species that are or were established in Great Britain, their date of first record, and their vector of introduction. This list provides a baseline against which the success of new policies can be assessed. Because the biota of Great Britain has been well recorded, our results provide a highly resolved case study of the vectors and drivers of species transport and establishment. A total of 117 nonindigenous freshwater species are currently established in Great Britain; a further 17 species were once established but are now extirpated. Between 1800 and 2000 the number of established species increased at an accelerating rate, and this increase correlated with the growth in human population and gross domestic product. The construction of large reservoirs in Great Britain occurred over a short period and overlapped high rates of new species establishment, indicating that habitat modification may have been an important driver of establishment. Nonindigenous species now account for 24% of fish, 12% of plant, 54% of amphibian, and 88% of decapod crustacean freshwater species richness in Great Britain. The ornamental trades have been responsible for the greatest percentages of intentionally (73%) and unintentionally (34%) introduced species that have become established. Shipping and aquaculture have also been strong vectors. These vectors should be prioritized for management within the new nonindigenous species strategy.     

Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Pb in hyperaccumulator Arenaria orbiculata and response of root exudates to Pb addition

Solution culture was conducted in order to understand accumulation characteristics and chemical forms of Pb in Arenaria orbiculata (A. orbiculata) and the response of root exudates to Pb addition. The results showed that: 1) Pb contents in the shoot and root of A. orbiculata increased with increasing in Pb concentrations in solution. 2) The contents of Pb chemical forms under Pb addition followed as: HAc extractable fraction (F_HAC)>HCl extractable fraction (F_HCl)>NaCl extractable fraction (F_NaCl)>ethanol-extractable fraction (F_E)>water extractable fraction (F_W). 3) Increased Pb level in the medium caused increases in Pb contents in the four subcellular fractions of shoots and roots, with most accumulation in FIV (Fraction IV, soluble fraction) in shoots and FI (Fraction I, cell wall fraction) in roots. 4) Contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid of root exudates increased with increasing Pb concentration in solution. Significantly positive correlations between Pb and contents of soluble sugar and free amino acid were observed. 5) With Pb concentrations in solution, low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) contents followed the tendency: tartaric acid>acetic acid>malic acid>citric acid. Significantly positive correlation was observed between Pb and citric acid contents. The results indicate that soluble sugars, free amino acid and citric acid in root exudates of A.orbiculata facilitate the absorption and accumulation of Pb, which exist in NaCl-, HCl- and HAc- extractable Pb forms, FI and FIV fractions, resulting in tolerance of A.orbiculata to Pb.     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数(0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1)对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999(P<0.01)和0.995(P<0.01),根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998(P<0.01)和0.987(P<0.05);Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

EGSB反应器中耦合厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的研究

将好氧活性污泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器中,经过120 d的启动运行,形成颗粒污泥.在启动好的EGSB反应器进水中添加亚硝酸盐和氨盐,反应器内温度控制在32～35 ℃,pH为7.5～8.3,氧化还原电位为-150～-40 mV;水力停留时间4.2 h,上升流速4.86 m/h,经过270 d运行,逐步富集和耦合产甲烷菌、反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在进水ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L,有机容积负荷速率为4.800 kg/(m3·d)(以COD_Cr计)和1.152 kg/(m3·d)(以N计)的条件下,出水ρ(COD_Cr)维持在80 mg/L以下;COD_Cr,氨氮,亚硝态氮和总氮去除率分别为85%, 35%, 99.9%和67%;其去除速率分别稳定在6.12,0.202,0.575和0.777 kg/(m3·d);其中氨氮和总氮的去除速率分别是传统活性污泥法硝化/反硝化(0.05 kg/(m3·d))的4和15.5倍. pH,温度,溶解氧,氧化还原电位,亚硝酸盐和COD_Cr对EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化的耦合和颗粒污泥的特性均有影响.      

废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的分离及其铅耐性研究

采用常规、含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥（Arabis alpina Linn）根际真菌进行分离和鉴定,将分离的菌株接种在含不同浓度（0、0．1、1和10mmol L^-1）Pb^2＋的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中,比较废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的铅耐性,结果表明：从废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际共分离获得11个属的54株真菌。大于1mmolL^-1的Pb^2＋显著抑制铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的生长;含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋的马丁氏培养基分离的铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌Pb^2＋的生长半数抑制浓度（EC50）平均值和最大值均明显大于非矿区,铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌对Pb^2＋的耐性强于非矿区。     

辽宁省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究

为全面评估辽宁省关键大气污染物排放状况,系统收集和整理全省基础活动水平信息,采用排放因子法建立了该省2012年人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2012年辽宁省SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM10、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC及NH_3排放总量分别为1434.8×10~3、1632.3×10~3、6682.9×10~3、1529.9×10~3、1087.8×10~3、74.5×10~3、176.1×10~3t及880.4×10~3t.BC和OC最大贡献源为生物质燃烧源,排放集中分布在辽宁中、西部;NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖与化肥施用,排放高值区位于辽宁中部农业畜牧业发达地区;其他污染物主要来自固定燃烧源和工艺过程源,集中分布在辽宁中部城市群以及大连金州区、甘井子区和普兰店区.大连、沈阳是SO_2、NO_x、NH_3和颗粒物主要排放城市,鞍山和本溪由于钢铁行业发达,成为CO排放量最大的城市.基于卫星观测获得的NO_2垂直柱浓度对NO_x排放空间分布进行评估,两者相关性系数为0.57(p0.01).辽宁省级排放清单与国家尺度排放清单在一定程度存在差异,主要原因在于采用的活动水平和污染物控制效率的不同,基于详细本地化污染源信息建立的省级排放清单可以较好地反映实际情况.建议完善点源排放特征信息并加强本地化测试,进一步降低省级排放清单不确定性.     

基于层次分析法的公路景观敏感度评价

为提升公路景观敏感度评价的完整性和准确性,文章以渝武高速公路北碚段其中一段为实例进行研究,并根据现代公路特点和要求,把公路景观敏感度评价指标分为景观生态指标、景观视觉指标和景观建筑物及环境指标三部分。同时,又以模糊数学理论为基础结合层次分析法的定性和定量的评价特点进行敏感度的多级评价,反映出了公路景观敏感度等级,为该路段以后提出改进措施和决策提供科学依据。