In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of Ferula Gummosa Essential Oil Nanoemulsions (FGEO-NE) for the Colon Cancer Treatment

This survey was performed to aim of synthesize Nano emulsion from Ferula gummosa essential oil (FEGO-NE) and to evaluate its anti-tumor effect. First, Ferula gummosa essential oil was analyzed by GC–MS method, and then the Nano emulsion was synthesized as O/W and after characterization by DLS, Zeta potential, AFM, FESEM and TEM methods, its toxicity was evaluated by MTT method. Then its pro-apoptotic effects were evaluated by qPCR (Caspase3, 9, Bax and Bcl-2) method and AO/PI staining. The cancer induction model was used to evaluate the antitumor effects in Balb/C mice. The anti-angiogenic and antioxidant effects were evaluated by qPCR (VEGF, CAT and SOD) method. The results of physicochemical studies showed the formation of droplet with dimensions of 24.6 nm, dispersion index of 0.41 and zeta potential of ? 28.5 mV with a spherical morphology. The Nano emulsion synthesized at a concentration of 2.9 μg/mL inhibited about 50% of ht-29 cells, while up to a concentration of 4 μg/mL showed no inhibitory effect on normal cells. Increase of caspase 3, 9 and Bax and decrease of BCL-2 gene expression along with increase of apoptotic cells in AP/PI staining confirmed induction of apoptosis by FEGO-NE. The FEGO-NE showed an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis and an additive effect on the expression of antioxidant genes. In addition, the reduction of tumor volume (69.72% in 14 days) in samples treated with FEGO-NE was confirmed. The results of this study showed that FEGO-NE by various mechanisms are able to inhibit cancer cells and have a reducing effect on induced tumors in the in vivo model. These results suggest FEGO-NEs as a suitable candidate for cancer therapy studies.

     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CNMR)), silicon^-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope ((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.     

Organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water in and around Delhi

A multiresidue method was developed for the estimation of 15organochlorine pesticides in water. 50 samples of drinking watersupplied by the Municipal Corporation to the residential areasof Delhi and 20 ground water samples from nearby villages usedfor irrigation were monitored for the presence of organochlorineinsecticides by the method developed. Although, organochlorinepesticides were detected in the ground water and irrigationwater samples, the levels of pesticides were below the MaximumContaminant Level as prescribed by WHO. No organochlorineinsecticides were detected in any of the drinking water samples.     

Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) is grown globally as a major source of natural fiber. Nitrogen (N) management is cumbersome in cotton production systems; it has more impacts on yield, maturity, and lint quality of a cotton crop than other primary plant nutrient. Application and production of N fertilizers consume large amounts of energy, and excess application can cause environmental concerns, i.e., nitrate in ground water, and the production of nitrous oxide a highly potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere, which is a global concern. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton plant is critical in this context. Slow-release fertilizers (e.g., polymer-coated urea) have the potential to increase cotton yield and reduce environmental pollution due to more efficient use of nutrients. Limited literature is available on the mitigation of GHG emissions for cotton production. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of N fertilization, in cotton growth and GHG emission management strategies, and will assess, justify, and organize the researchable priorities. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are essential nutrients for successful crop production. Ammonia (NH₃) is a central intermediate in plant N metabolism. NH₃ is assimilated in cotton by the mediation of glutamine synthetase, glutamine (z-) oxoglutarate amino-transferase enzyme systems in two steps: the first step requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to add NH₃ to glutamate to form glutamine (Gln), and the second step transfers the NH₃ from glutamine (Gln) to α-ketoglutarate to form two glutamates. Once NH₃ has been incorporated into glutamate, it can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by various transaminases to form additional amino acids. The glutamate and glutamine formed can rapidly be used for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight organic N compounds (LMWONCs) such as amides, amino acids, ureides, amines, and peptides that are further synthesized into high-molecular-weight organic N compounds (HMWONCs) such as proteins and nucleic acids.     

Residual behavior and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato at different agro-climatic conditions in India

Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic zones in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato. Flubendiamide 480 SC was sprayed on tomato at 48 and 96 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1. Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01 mg kg^?1 while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003 mg kg^?1. Residues of flubendiamide were found below the determination limit of 0.01 mg kg^?1 in 20 days at both the dosages in all the locations. The half-life of flubendiamide at an application rate of 48 g a.i.?ha^?1 varied from 0.33 to 3.28 days and at 48-g a.i. ranged from 1.21 to 3.00 days. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1 day has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on tomato has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under Food Safety Standard Authority of India, as 0.07 μg g^?1 after its risk assessment.     

Evaluation of environmental fate of acetamiprid in the laboratory

The acetamiprid, a nenicotinoid insecticide, is a popular crop protection agent used in fields as well as in protected cultivation. A laboratory experiment was conditions to study the effect of light, moisture, and pH on the persistence of acetamiprid in water and soil. Dissipation half-lives of acetamiprid in water at pH 4, 7, and 9 were 6.2, 7.3, and 5.1 days, respectively, and 4.3 days under UV and sunlight conditions. Half-life in soil at three concentrations, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg g^?1 under different moisture regimes varied from 21.5–22.8, 15.6–22.4, 10.0–15.8 days, respectively, indicating that acetamiprid dissipated faster in submerged soil as compared to field capacity moisture and dry conditions. The leaching study showed that the possibility for leaching of acetamiprid to ground water is extremely low under normal condition of average rainfall due to compact nature soil in the field. Acetamiprid poses low risks to the ecosystem because of their rapid dissipation and low-bound residues in the environment.     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly(acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(CNMR)), silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II)followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly(acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.     

Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi

This article presents the development of a multiresidue method forthe estimation of 30 insecticides, 15 organochlorineinsecticides and 6 organophosphorus insecticides, 9 syntheticpyrethriods and 2 herbicides and their quantificationin vegetables. The monitoring study indicates that though allthe vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides, only31% of the samples contained pesticides above the prescribedtolerance limit.     

Fate of colloidal-particulate elemental selenium in aquatic systems

Bacterial reduction of selenate [Se(VI)] to elemental Se [Se(0)] is considered an effective bioremediation technique to remove selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water. However, the fate of the newly formed Se(0) in aquatic systems is not known when it flows out of the treatment system. A set of laboratory experiments was conducted to determine the fate of the colloidal-particulate Se(0) in a water column and in a water-sediment system. Results showed that the newly formed colloidal-particulate Se(0) followed two removal pathways in aquatic systems: (i) flocculation-sedimentation to the bottom of the water and (ii) oxidation to selenite [Se(IV)] and Se(VI). During 58 d of the experiments, 51% of the added Se(0) was precipitated to the bottom of the water and 47% was oxidized to Se(IV) in the water column. In the water-sediment system, Se(IV) in the water accounted for 21 to 25% of the added Se(0). Adsorption of Se(IV) to the bottom sediment resulted in a relatively low amount of Se(IV) in the water. This study indicates that the newly formed Se(0) may be an available form of Se for uptake by organisms if it flows to aquatic systems from a treatment site. Therefore, an effective bioremediation system for removing Se from drainage water must reduce Se(VI) to Se(0) and remove Se(0) directly from the drainage water.