大型蚤标志酶用于城市二级出水毒性的评价

大型蚤是一种国际公认的标准实验生物,广泛应用于污水、地表水等水质毒性检测。毒性水平较低的城市二级出水,对大型蚤往往无急性毒性效应,而具有慢性毒性效应,但慢性毒性检测周期过长,因此探索一种更灵敏的指标,实现快速检测,对于控制二级出水的水质风险具有重要意义。本研究考察了大型蚤在短期暴露于城市二级出水条件下,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、ATP酶、羧酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的酶活变化特征,从中筛选出对二级出水毒性响应灵敏的标志酶指标。实验结果表明,碱性磷酸酯酶、过氧化氢酶对二级出水毒性响应相对较灵敏,具有成为标志酶的潜力,研究结果为城市二级出水生物毒性评价方法优化提供新的思路。     

Ag/ZnO hollow sphere composites: reusable photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol

Characterizations of Ag/ZnO hollow sphere by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, and UV–vis absorption spectra have been made after its synthesis. The results showed that the composite was hollow structure with diameters of about 1–4 μm. The samples synthesized were tested and identified as silver doped ZnO, which have extended and boosted the spectral absorption. The photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO hollow spheres was assessed using 17α-ethinylestradiol aqueous solution under UV irradiation. It has been observed that the 17α-ethinylestradiol absorption efficiency and degradation rate is higher for Ag/ZnO hollow spheres. As reusable photocatalysts, Ag/ZnO hollow spheres which could be easily separated from a suspension will facilitate their application in wastewater treatment with enhanced photostability.     

A robust simulation–optimization modeling system for effluent trading—a case study of nonpoint source pollution control

In this study, a robust simulation–optimization modeling system (RSOMS) is developed for supporting agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) effluent trading planning. The RSOMS can enhance effluent trading through incorporation of a distributed simulation model and an optimization model within its framework. The modeling system not only can handle uncertainties expressed as probability density functions and interval values but also deal with the variability of the second-stage costs that are above the expected level as well as capture the notion of risk under high-variability situations. A case study is conducted for mitigating agricultural NPS pollution with an effluent trading program in Xiangxi watershed. Compared with non-trading policy, trading scheme can successfully mitigate agricultural NPS pollution with an increased system benefit. Through trading scheme, [213.7, 288.8]?×?10³ kg of TN and [11.8, 30.2]?×?10³ kg of TP emissions from cropped area can be cut down during the planning horizon. The results can help identify desired effluent trading schemes for water quality management with the tradeoff between the system benefit and reliability being balanced and risk aversion being considered.     

5种植物材料的水解释碳性能及反硝化效率

碳源在硝酸盐去除过程中起电子供体的作用,是生物反硝化反应的关键物质之一。为解决污水处理脱氮时碳源不足抑制反硝化反应造成脱氮效率低的问题,本研究选取风车草、甘蔗渣、芦竹、美人蕉和稻草秆5种植物材料作为反硝化碳源,探讨不同植物材料的水解释碳能力和释放规律;并进一步以其水解液作为外加碳源,探讨其对反硝化脱氮效率的影响。研究结果表明,植物材料水解释碳过程符合二级动力学反应规律,不同植物材料的释碳能力具有显著性差异,以甘蔗渣在固液比1∶80时COD释放当量最大,为45.45 mg/L;添加植物水解液可显著提高反硝化脱氮效率,以芦竹水解液脱氮效果最好,达到71.9%。此外,碳氮比是影响脱氮效率的重要因素之一,以碳氮比为9时反硝化脱氮效果最佳。     

Stability of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate in advanced oxidation processes: degradation kinetics and pathway

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a widely used mist suppressant in hard chrome electroplating industry, has been listed in the Stockholm Convention for global ban. 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) acid and salts have been adopted as alternative products in the market, but no data about their abiotic degradation has been reported. In the present study, the degradability of 6:2 FTS potassium salt (6:2 FTS-K) was evaluated under various advanced oxidation processes, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), alkaline ozonation (O₃, pH = 11), peroxone (O₃/H₂O₂), and Fenton reagent oxidation (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂). UV/H₂O₂ was found to be the most effective approach, where the degradation of 6:2 FTS-K followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The intermediates were mainly shorter chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C₇ to C₂), while sulfate (SO₄ ^2?) and fluoride (F^?) were found to be the final products. The high yields of SO₄ ^2? and F^? indicate that 6:2 FTS-K can be nearly completely desulfonated and defluorinated under UV/H₂O₂ condition. The degradation should firstly begin with the substitution of hydrogen atom by hydroxyl radicals, followed by desulfonation, carboxylation, and sequential “flake off” of CF₂ unit. Compared with PFOS which is inert in most advanced oxidation processes, 6:2 FTS-K is more degradable as the alternative.     

As(V)在金红石TiO_2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理

通过静态动力学和热力学吸附实验,研究了温度、共存离子以及溶质的初始浓度对As(V)在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的影响,探讨了As(V)在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理。结果表明,在As(V)初始浓度为10 mg/L,pH为7的条件下,25℃时的吸附量0.41 mg/g高于30℃时的吸附量0.31 mg/g,As(V)在金红石TiO2上的吸附为放热过程。CaCl2和MgCl2的添加对As(V)在金红石TiO2表面吸附起到明显的促进作用。T=25℃,Ca2+或Mg2+浓度为10 mmol/L时,As(V)吸附量分别为0.64和0.56 mg/g,Ca2+比Mg2+对As(V)吸附促进作用强。As(V)在金红石TiO2的吸附等温线符合Frendlich方程,Lagergren二级动力学方程能较好地描述As(V)在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的动力学过程。     

间歇曝气潜流人工湿地的污水脱氮效果

采用间歇曝气运行方式,提升潜流人工湿地生活污水处理系统中的溶解氧浓度,强化脱氮效果。结果表明,间歇曝气运行方式有效提高了湿地内部溶解氧水平,曝气时溶解氧浓度可达6~9 mg/L,停止曝气后,溶解氧浓度迅速下降至0.5 mg/L以下,在湿地内部营造了一种交替的好氧和缺氧环境,分别促进好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化作用。在水力停留时间为3 d的情况下,间歇曝气潜流人工湿地系统对氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别可达到98.0%、87.6%和96.3%,较常规潜流人工湿地系统分别提高了74.1%、56.4%和18.1%,实现了氨氮、总氮和COD的同步高效去除。     

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots

Agricultural pollution caused by the use of plastic sheetings has been documented to be a widespread problem in most of the major crop-planting regions of the world. In order to better understand the phytotoxic mechanisms induced by phthalic acid esters involved with this problem, Cucumber sativus L. cv Jinyan No. 4 were sown in pots to the three-leaf-stage in the presence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg L^?1) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Physiology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure of seedling roots were examined. The results indicated that activities of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)) were stimulated at low-DBP treatments and decreased under higher levels (>100 mg L^?1) compared to the controls. On the other hand, SOD and POD provided a better defense against DBP-induced oxidative damage in the roots of cucumber seeding, compared to CAT. The productions of both malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were promoted under DBP stress. Visible impact on the cytoderm, mitochondrion, and vacuole was detected, possibly as a consequence of free radical generation. These results suggested that activation of the antioxidant system by DBP led to the formation of reactive oxygen species that resulted in cellular damage.     

煤粉炉掺烧干化污泥的污染物排放研究

结合某电厂420 t/h四角煤粉炉掺烧污泥项目的实验室分析测试,了解煤粉掺烧不同含水率不同比例的干化污泥条件下烟气中污染物和灰渣中重金属的排放特性.结果表明,在实验研究配比和燃烧的条件下,大部分重金属元素Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni残留在灰渣中,Zn、Cd部分残留在灰渣中, As、Hg和Se等易挥发元素释放到烟气中,在灰渣中的含量很小.掺烧污泥后,灰渣中的重金属含量较单烧单煤都有了一定幅度的升高,Zn的含量是单煤的2倍,其余重金属是单煤的1.1~1.2倍.3种不同的掺混比例之间的污染气体排放浓度基本相似.烟气中主要污染物及重金属浓度可以满足现行国家标准.与单烧单煤相比,CO、HCl以及其他有机气体排放浓度基本相同;NH3的排放浓度较单煤有所升高;SO2、NOx和CO2排放浓度略有降低;飞灰浓度有所升高.烟气中的重金属,Hg含量升高了30%,Pb含量约为单煤的4.3~4.8倍.以上研究结果可为环保达标和飞灰利用提供基础数据.     

锰污染土壤根际微生物分离及耐Mn2+特性

为了研究锰污染土壤的生物修复,在湘潭锰矿不同植物根际土壤中分离得到7株真菌和8株细菌,依次命名为F1-7和B1-8。经耐锰性能测定,获得高耐锰性真菌3株,F3-5、细菌3株,B1、B2和B7。其中,F3耐锰浓度最高可达600mmol/L,细菌B7最高耐锰浓度为80 mmol/L。当Mn2+浓度小于300 mmol/L时,对3种真菌的生长均具有一定的促进作用,高于此浓度时,产生较大程度的抑制作用。在低Mn2+浓度(20~40 mmol/L)条件下,Mn2+对3种细菌的生长均表现出一定的促进作用,尤其是对B2作用明显。当Mn2+浓度逐渐增加到80 mmol/L时,抑制作用明显。在Mn2+浓度为300mmol/L时,F3对锰的吸附率约为60%,达到峰值。而在Mn2+浓度为60 mmol/L时,细菌B2对锰的吸附率约为70%,达最大值。