硅酸聚合过程中粘度变化的研究

在制备聚硅酸盐类混凝剂的过程中,聚硅酸的粘度是影响聚硅酸盐类混凝剂混凝效能的重要因素。以水玻璃为原料,硫酸、盐酸为酸化剂,采用酸性条件下制备聚硅酸的方法,研究pH值、二氧化硅浓度、温度、不同酸化剂等因素对硅酸聚合过程中粘度变化的影响,结果表明：粘度达到0.006 Pa.S前变化缓慢,粘度达到0.009 Pa.S后变化迅速,0.020 Pa.S以后在极短的时间内粘度急剧增大而胶凝;通过混凝搅拌实验确定制备聚硅酸铝混凝剂时聚硅酸粘度的最佳值,以此最佳值作为控制聚硅酸最佳聚合程度的指标。     

新型絮凝剂凝集水中染料的研究

本文介绍了新近开发的ＪＡＺ型絮凝剂对水样中活性艳蓝ＫＮ－Ｒ，直接深棕Ｍ，酸性墨水蓝Ｇ，酸生媒介藏青ＡＧＬＯ，直接耐晒蓝Ｂ２ＲＬ，弱酸性黄ＨＧ等代表性染料的凝集效果及其影响因素。酸性墨水蓝的脱色随ｐＨ值增加而增加，其他染料的最佳脱色区从酸性到中性。在染料起始浓度为１００ｍｇ／Ｌ￣５００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，酸性媒介藏青的Ｋ值（色度降至８０时絮凝剂投药量对染料的比值）为２左右，其他染料的ｋ值在１．０以下。直     

A technical and economic comparison of biofiltration and wet chemical oxidation (scrubbing) for odor control at wastewater treatment plants

An economic and technical comparison of two odor control systems, a biofilter and a chemical wet scrubber, was conducted over a 1-year time period at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biofilter system was designed to remove hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from four covered gravity sludge thickeners, a gravity sludge thickener effluent channel and an influent splitter box for the gravity sludge thickeners. The sodium hypochlorite/sodium hydroxide wet scrubber was designed to control hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from the covered primary settling tanks, influent distribution channels and effluent channel, and the mixing tank effluent channel. The technical comparison comprised their overall removal rates and efficiencies based on inlet H₂S concentrations and other operating variables. The economic comparison was designed to provide the cost per cubic meter of H₂S removed for each system. Influent and effluent gas samples were collected on a weekly basis. H₂S concentration levels were determined through the use of gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. The results showed that the H₂S inlet gas concentration has a seasonal change with a maximum value occurring in August and September. The effluent H₂S concentration was lower than 2 ppm_v for both systems for most of the samples. The efficiency for both the biofilter and wet scrubber was above 95%, and was related to the operating and ambient conditions. The economic comparison revealed that the actual unit cost for the biofilter was higher than for the wet scrubber (U.S.160 /m < SUP > 3 < /SUP > H < SUB > 2 < /SUB > S removed versus U.S.160 /m³ H₂S removed versus U.S.131 /m³ H₂S removed). For both the biofilter and the wet scrubber, the investment costs are affected by the size/scale of the system, the design flow and other factors. For these systems, the mulch change costs, chemical usage costs, maintenance costs and power usage costs were mainly dependent on the actual odor gas loadings which showed substantial seasonal fluctuations as a function of the seasonal temperature. The worst case conditions reported here indicate that the H₂S concentrations generated during the summer months should be used to determine the design load.     

用CO_2改性碱渣废水强化炼油废水的硝化效能

针对炼油废水缺乏碱度而硝化效能受限问题,以CO_2曝气处理后的改性碱渣废水为碱度补充剂,按一定配比加入炼油废水好氧阶段以强化硝化效能。实验结果表明:经流量为1 L/min的CO_2连续曝气处理5 h后,碱渣废水p H可降至7.2~7.8,钙元素质量浓度可降低90.65%,并去除了部分汞、砷等有毒重金属;将该改性碱渣废水以1∶99的体积比加入炼油废水并进行生化处理,COD去除率可达90.2%;相较于未补充碱渣的炼油废水,出水ρ(NO3--N)提高25%~30%,硝化细菌菌群密度增加52%,污泥絮体形态结构未发生改变。     

Evaluating Beijing’s human carrying capacity from the perspective of water resource constraints

As the demands on limited water resources intensify, concerns are being raised about the human carrying capacity of these resources. However, few researchers have studied the carrying capacity of regional water resources. Beijing, the second-largest city in China, faces a critical water shortage that will limit the city’s future development. We developed a method to quantify the carrying capacity of Beijing’s water resources by considering water-use structures based on the proportions of water used for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes. We defined a reference structure as 45:22:33 (% of total, respectively), an optimized structure as 40:20:40, and an ideal structure as 50:15:35. We also considered four domestic water quotas: 55, 75, 95, and 115 m 3 /(person·yr). The urban carrying capacity of 10–12 million was closest to Beijing’s actual 2003 population for all three water-use structures with urban domestic water use of 75 m 3 /(person·yr). However, after accounting for our underlying assumptions, the adjusted carrying capacity is closer to 5–6 million. Thus, Beijing’s population in 2003 was almost twice the adjusted carrying capacity. Based on this result, we discussed the ecological and environmental problems created by Beijing’s excessive population and propose measures to mitigate these problems.     

从美国最大炼油公司火灾爆炸事故谈工艺安全管理

在介绍工艺安全管理基本概念的基础上,以美国最大炼油商Valero McKee炼油厂的火灾爆炸事故为倒.分析T Valero McKee炼油厂所存在的工艺安全管理问题,进而阐述了做细做实工艺安全管理工作的要点.     

Evolution of Sustainable Carbon Cycling Processes in China

Abstract

This report summarizes the surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by RCEES. The first part of this report deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historical evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. The second part covers the modeling of carbon dynamics, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.     

城镇化进程中的农民生活用水研究

目前,我国有关农村居民生活用水的系统研究相当缺乏。对地处上海市浦东快速城市化区域的8个村庄进行随机入户调查。在对调查数据进行整理和统计分析的基础上,系统研究当地农民的生活用水行为和影响因素。研究表明：（1）被访农民普遍认为自来水价格过高。家庭收入水平是决定被访农民对水价态度的主要影响因素。（2）自来水价格主要对农户的洗衣行为产生显著影响。认为自来水价格高的农户更倾向于用井水洗衣。（3）影响农户自来水用水量的显著变量包括：农户家庭常住人口、自来水价格、洗衣水源和洗澡方式。（4）被访农民普遍具有节水意识,但大都局限于“节约使用自来水,减少自来水水费”这个层面。提高农民的水污染控制和水资源保护意识,正确引导其井水抽取和生活污水排放行为,促进农村污水收集和治理项目的普及和正常运行,以及完善地下水资源的保护和管理机制是现阶段当地保障农村生活用水安全的工作重点     

不同温度下异波折板反应器处理生活污水的研究

本实验采用64．8L的厌氧异波折流板反应器处理生活污水,研究了低温对异波折流板反应器运行效能的影响。结果表明,温度从30℃降至20℃反应器运行15d达到稳定后,COD去除率仅从83．6％T降至76．9％。各隔室的VFA浓度均有所上升,前面隔室升幅较大,比甲烷活性略有下降;当温度从20℃下降至10℃时,产氢产乙酸茵和产甲烷菌等受到较大影响,在反应器运行达到稳定后COD去除率从76．9％T降至45％-55％,出水水质受影响较大,比甲烷活性下降幅度较大。     

The storage mechanism difference between amorphous and anatase as supercapacitors

Although TiO2 nanotubes is a promising electrode as supercapacitors due to its high energy density, easy synthesis and chemical stability, there are draw backs such as low conductivity and capacitance. Many studies concentrated on improving its electrochemical performance itself but little attention was payed to the reason of capacitance differences caused by its different crystal structures. Herein, we prepare amorphous and anatase TiO2 nanotubes and hydrogenated them by a simple electrochemical hydrogenation method to improve their conductivity and capacitance. And then study and compare their morphology and structure differences by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. The results show that the pore size distribution, internal structure order and internal carrier concentration are the main reasons for their electrochemical performance differences. The microporous structure less than 2 nm in amorphous nanotubes act as a trap of electrolyte ions at current density larger than 0.1μA cm-2, leading to small charge and discharge capacitance. The long-range ordered crystal structure of anatase is more favorable for the orderly diffusion of carriers, reducing the inelastic scattering of carrier diffusion process and the electron hole-complexing probability, making anatase nanotubes exhibit higher coulomb efficiency and cycle stability than that of amorphous ones.