Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

苯胺的超临界水氧化研究1

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明,氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始ＴＯＣ值对ＴＯＣ的去除率有显著影响．在本试验中,选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究,结果表明,这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性,筛选出硫酸锰和和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步的研究．以硫酸锰作催化剂为例,在４５０℃,２８ＭＰａ,Ｋ＝１．１,ｐＨ＝４．０的条件下,当停留时间为４６ｓ时,ＴＯＣ去除率达到１００%．     

空气中总悬浮颗粒物的三种测定方法比较

本文采用大流量采样、β－射线衰减测尘仪与ＴＥＯＭ测尘仪分析测定空气中的总悬浮颗粒物,对比实验结果表明：ＴＥＯＭ法与经典大流量测定方法、β－射线衰减法测量结果均具有可比性。     

Characteristics of ambient 1-min PM2.5 variation in Beijing

One-minute PM_2.5 concentration was obtained with LD-5C pocket microcomputer laser dust instrument from Dec. 15th, 2005 to Jan. 16th, 2006 and Mar. 17th to Apr. 28th, 2006 in Beijing. The concentration of SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM₁₀ from Jan. 1st, 2001 to Dec. 31st, 2004 were obtained from the conversion of air pollution index. Results showed that all the pollutants showed cyclic characteristics. The longer yearly cycles was shown from SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM₁₀, as the sampling time was 4-year long and daily collected. The shorter hourly and daily cycle was shown from 1-min PM_2.5, as the sampling time was about 1-month long and one collected at 1 min. The spectral density analysis confirmed this from the periodogram graphs. The longer yearly cycle (365, 180 days), the seasonal cycle (120, 60–90 days), and monthly cycle (21, 23, 27 days) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, and PM₁₀ were obviously shown. In addition, the shorter weekly cycle of 5–7 days is obviously shown, too. The shorter hourly cycle (8–12, 4–6, 3, 1–2 h, 20 min) of 1-min PM_2.5 was also indicated from spectral density analysis. Two major factors contribute the 1-min PM_2.5 cycles, i.e., the meteorological factors and source effects. Both the relative humidity and dew point showed consistent variation with PM_2.5, but the wind speed showed inverse variations with PM_2.5. Furthermore, the spectral density analysis of the meteorological factors (4–5, 2–2.5, 1–1.5 days, 12, 6–8, 3 h) may partially explain the cycles of PM_2.5. As for the sources effects, it can be shown from the strong dust storm of April 16–18th, 2006. PM_2.5 constantly increased tens and even hundreds of times high concentration within a few minutes due to the intensity of the dust sources.     

汶川地震后的卫生防疫对策

2008年5月12日14点28分,四川省汶川发生里氏8．0级特大地震,造成严重的人员伤亡、房屋倒塌、道路损毁和重大的经济损失。 四川是我国人口大省,本次地震造成大量的人员伤亡和牲畜死亡,灾区基础卫生设施和生态环境受到极大的破坏和影响。灾区公路、铁路严重破坏;     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅳ)——均生函数预测方法

均生函数预测方法是开展环境要素变化趋势预测的有效方法之一。通过对东北地区玉米热量指数的分析,建立了热量指数时间变化趋势的均生函数预测模型,各模型预测的平均精度基本都达到95%以上,与逐步回归统计模型一致,但普遍要好于GM(1,1)模型,同样可以应用该模型的预测结果指导农业生产。     

边坡地震响应数值模拟中最优边界范围研究∗

在边坡地震响应数值模拟中,科学合理地选取边坡计算模型的边界范围是决定模拟结果准确性的关键因素之一。基于有限元数值模拟方法,分别建立了边坡前缘和后缘两组边界尺寸不同的概化模型,选取了两条不同特性的实际地震动记录作为输入,计算了各边坡模型的动力响应,探索了边坡前缘和后缘尺寸的影响规律,验证了远置边界在边坡地震稳定性分析中的可用性。结果表明：(1)在边坡地震响应数值模拟中,边坡模型的前缘尺寸应至少设定为坡高的 2 倍、后缘尺寸应至少设定为坡高的 4 倍,才能避免边界的地震波反射叠加效应,以便得到更为准确的模拟结果;(2)设置黏弹性边界和远置边界工况下得到的边坡地震安全系数相差 0.02,说明合理的远置边界可以运用到边坡地震稳定性分析当中。     

Phosphine and methane generation by the addition of organic compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds into incubated soil

Formation of phosphine and methane in anaerobic incubation systems was investigated under stirred and unstirred conditions. The PH3 and CH4 levels in the headspace, as well as the matrix-bound PH3 content in the stirred soil, significantly increased upon the addition of phosphonoacetic acid (P(O)(OH)2CH2COOH). Both the levels of matrix-bound PH3 and CH4 are positively correlated to the buffered dithionite fraction of reactive phosphorus in the soil samples, while a negative correlation was observed between matrix-bound PH3/CH4 levels and the reactive phosphorus fraction.     

中国城市环境中空气负离子研究进展

空气负离子被誉为“空气维生素和生长素”,其浓度被列为衡量空气质量好坏的一个重要指标,对于城市空气质量的改善意义重大。综述了中国城市环境空气负离子研究方面的主要进展,对空气离子产生的机理机制、观测方法、时空特征、评价指标体系以及关键影响因子及其相互之间的关系等方面进行深入和系统的阐述。其中重点阐述了空气负离子与不同自然环境和建筑环境的关系。国内外主要研究结果表明,(1)不同环境场所下空气负离子浓度差别很大,呈现出由城市中心到郊区再到乡村逐渐增大的趋势。(2)空气负离子浓度的年变化和日变化均存在明显差异。(3)水体对空气负离子浓度影响较大,动态水的空气负离子浓度大于静态水,以瀑布为最大。同时离水体的距离越近,周边的空气负离子浓度越高。(4)空气负离子与风的关系最为密切,有风时空气负离子浓度高于无风时,且风速与空气中负离子浓度成正相关。其他因素如温湿度、天气状况、植物绿化、建筑材料以及建筑高度等都能影响空气负离子浓度的高低,从而影响城市环境的空气清新度,其中有研究者发现空气负离子能够降低空气中颗粒物的浓度,并与PM2.5的关系最大。这些研究为综合地指导和评价城市环境空气质量提供科学依据和设计思路。因此笔者结合中国城市化的进程,进一步提出了更多的想法：(1)在控制性详细规划的层面上,与城市设计和城市绿地系统等研究结合起来,开展周期性的空气负离子浓度实证研究。(2)尝试建立空气负离子浓度与城市住区通风关系的评估方法,为城市住区空气清新度与通风关系的评估做应用性基础研究。     

受污染城市缓流水体外循环技术研究

随着城市经济的快速发展,多数城市河流均受到不同程度的污染。2012年1月—2013年7月采用外循环技术对受污染的常州市景观河流进行水质改善研究,结果表明:河道ρ(TN)由14.6~16.0 mg/L降到5.08~5.78 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)由11.1~13.5 mg/L降到0.92~1.06 mg/L,ρ(COD)由74.5~95.2 mg/L降到20.2~21.0 mg/L,ρ(TP)由1.22~1.23 mg/L降到0.218~0.220 mg/L。该景观河水质指标除总氮外,其余均达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》IV类标准。