滤坝基质排布方式对微污染水体净化效果的影响

采用吸附效果较好的火山石和炉渣作为填料,构筑了3个室内滤坝小试系统,研究了不同的基质组合配置对滤坝净化污染物的影响.3种不同的基质组配分别方式为:火山石和炉渣均匀混合、沿水流方向先火山石后炉渣和沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石.结果表明,3个滤坝系统对微污染水体具有明显的净化效果,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)和化学需氧量(COD)去除率最高可达85.7％、46.5％、47.2％和53.4％.基质组合排布方式对COD和NH3-N的去除效果没有明显的影响,而火山石和炉渣均匀混合的配置方式有利于TP的去除,沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石的配置方式有利于TN的去除.微生物群落分析结果表明,在炉渣和火山石均匀混合的滤坝中,微生物优势菌为除磷优势菌——气单胞菌属,沿水流方向先后排布炉渣火山石的2个滤坝的优势菌为肠杆菌属,该细菌可以进行反硝化产生N2,这可能是沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石的滤坝TN去除效果较好的原因.     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

味精废水厌氧处理稳态运行的控制研究

就目前较难处理的高浓度味精废水用厌氧法进行了稳态运行的控制研究。在中温条件下,获得了高浓度味精废水高效稳态运行的控制参数。COD去除率可达70％以上,产气量可达10.5m~3/m~3·d,其中甲烷含量占58％以上。表明高浓度(谷氨酸)味精废水进行厌氧处理是可行的。     

Dibutyl phthalate adsorption characteristics using three common substrates in aqueous solutions

• DBP adsorption was tested using three kinds of substrates in constructed wetlands. • The DBP adsorption capacity followed the order: steel slag>gravel>shell sand. • High temperatures increased the DBP adsorption capacity in the substrates. • DOM consistently inhibited the DBP adsorption onto steel slag and gravel. In recent years, the presence and adverse impacts of phthalic acid esters in aquatic environments have gained increasing attention. This work investigated the adsorption behavior of a typical phthalic acid ester, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), onto steel slag, gravel, and shell sand (substrates commonly used in constructed wetlands). The influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on DBP adsorption was investigated using humic acid as a proxy for DOM. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of DBP to three substrates reached equilibrium within 96 h, and the adsorption kinetics were well fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The DBP adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Langmuir adsorption model. The DBP adsorption capacity decreased in the order of steel slag>gravel>shell sand, with values of 656 mg/kg, 598 mg/kg, and 6.62 mg/kg at 25°C, respectively. DBP adsorbed to the surface of all substrates in a monolayer via an endothermic process. The DBP adsorption capacities of steel slag and gravel decreased as the DOM content increased. The DBP adsorption mechanisms to steel slag and gravel mainly involved the surface coordination of DBP with –OH or –COOH groups and electrostatic interactions. The results of this work suggest that steel slag and gravel may be ideal substrates for use in constructed wetlands to treat wastewater polluted with DBP.     

山东省PM2.5污染现状及预报效果对比分析

对2019—2022年山东省16个市的细颗粒物（PM_2.5 ）污染特征进行了分析,并对2021和2022年的4个数值模式［社区多尺度空气质量模拟系统（CMAQ）、扩展综合空气质量模型（CAMx）、区域气象-大气化学在线耦合模式（WRF-Chem）、嵌套网格空气质量预报系统（NAQPMS）］及集合预报模式预测的效果进行评估。结果表明：2019—2022年山东省PM_2.5 年均质量浓度逐年降低,污染程度逐步减轻,但在1—3,11—12月,PM_2.5 质量浓度超标现象较为普遍。2021年底更换污染源清单后,2022年5个模式的24 h级别准确率和相关系数（r）同比升高,均方根误差（RMSE）同比降低,模式预报准确率有所提升,但由于参数调整略大,CMAQ、CAMx、WRF Chem、集合预报模式易漏报或偏轻预报PM_2.5 的中度污染和重度污染天气。由于NAQPMS模式在更换污染源排放清单时,同时改进了非均相化学反应机制,因此对PM_2.5 不同污染类别尤其是中度污染、重度污染的预报准确率明显提升。     

力磁效应下螺栓拉伸过程中磁信号检测试验

为探究高压设备在承压过程中法兰连接处螺栓受应力情况，基于力磁耦合效应，结合对螺栓拉伸过程中应力分布的有限元仿真，对螺栓进行了轴向拉伸过程中的应力检测，探究了螺纹连接不同位置的磁信号在拉伸过程的变化。试验结果表明:螺母前几扣处应力较大，后几扣处几乎没有应力集中；对螺栓六角头进行磁信号检测，发现六角头处应力集中不明显；对比42CrMo及35CrMo材料试样在相同拉伸及卸载载荷情况下的磁信号，反映了不同材料应力增大均可促进其磁信号发生变化；通过检测螺母有无铁磁性时螺栓拉伸过程中的磁信号，发现螺母所受压应力对磁信号变化影响较大。结果对工程应用磁信号检测金属法兰密封性具有指导性作用。     

北京地区不同季节PM2.5和PM10浓度对地面气象因素的响应

利用2013年1月—2014年12月北京地区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)监测数据和同期近地面气象观测数据,采用非参数分析法(Spearman秩相关系数)研究了北京地区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度对不同季节地面气象因素的响应。结果表明:北京地区大气颗粒物浓度水平具有明显的季节特征,冬季大气颗粒物污染最严重,夏季最轻。不同季节影响颗粒物浓度水平的气象因素各不相同,其中风速和日照时数为主要影响因素。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度对气象因素变化的响应程度也有较大区别,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值冬季最高,PM_(2.5)影响最大,春季最低,PM_(10)影响最大。这些结论可对制订科学有效的大气污染控制策略提供参考。     

Treatment performance and microorganism community structure of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland plots for domestic wastewater

In order to investigate the treatment performance and microorganism mechanism of IVCW for domestic wastewater in central of China, two parallel pilot-scale IVCW systems were built to evaluate purification efficiencies, microbial community structure and enzyme activities. The results showed that mean removal efficiencies were 81.03 % for COD, 51.66 % for total nitrogen (TN), 42.50 % for NH₄ ⁺-N, and 68.01 % for TP. Significant positive correlations between nitrate reductase activities and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiencies, along with a significant correlation between substrate enzyme activity and operation time, were observed. Redundancy analysis demonstrated gram-negative bacteria were mainly responsible for urease and phosphatase activities, and also played a major role in dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase activities. Meanwhile, anaerobic bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and saturated FA groups, gram-positive bacteria exhibited good correlations with the removal of COD (p?=?0.388), N (p?=?0.236), and TP (p?=?0.074), respectively. The IVCW system can be used to treat domestic wastewater effectively.     

高压管汇磁致伸缩导波缺陷检测模拟研究

针对高压管汇导波缺陷检测问题,基于磁致伸缩效应,借助COMSOL有限元仿真软件,建立高压管汇直管段的导波缺陷检测模型,探究导波的激励条件及缺陷检测效果,分析不同参数对缺陷附近磁感应强度分布的影响。研究结果表明:在频率为10 kHz的正弦电流信号激励下,可产生沿管道轴向传播的T（0,1）模态导波,并能辨别缺陷处的回波信号。改变缺陷的尺寸参数时,缺陷附近的磁感应强度随着缺陷深度增加呈增大趋势,随轴向宽度增加呈减小趋势,不同形状的缺陷对应的磁感应强度存在一定的差异;改变激励条件,磁感应强度均随激励电流、激励频率的增加呈不断增加趋势。     

山东省O3污染概况及预报效果评估

对山东省各市2018—2021年的O₃污染特征进行了分析,并对2021年5—9月O₃污染较重月份空气质量模型的O₃预报结果进行了分析评估。结果表明:山东省2018—2021年O₃-8 h第90百分位数(O₃-8 h-90per)先升高后降低,O₃污染呈现波动变化,污染月主要集中在5—9月,并呈现内陆高、沿海低,中北部高、南部低的空间分布特征。集合预报模式对O₃模拟效果最好,预测结果与O₃监测值的相关性最大、偏差最小,但较难预测出O₃的峰值浓度,易漏报O₃重度污染。WRF-Chem、CMAQ、CAMx、NAQPMS对O₃的模拟效果比集合预报稍差,CMAQ、CAMx存在系统性偏低的情况,但对优级别的模拟效果明显好于其他模式;WRF-Chem、NAQPMS存在系统性偏高的情况,WRF-Chem能较好地模拟出O₃超标日,对中度、重度日的24h级别准确率分别达94.08%、100%,对O₃超标预报尤其是中至重度污染的预测预报有重要指导意义。