黑肩绿盲蝽对水稻挥发物单一组分的嗅觉行为反应

研究水稻挥发物单一组分对稻飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)天敌黑肩绿盲蝽(Cyrtorhinus lividipennis)嗅觉行为反应的影响,为进一步开发基于水稻挥发物的害虫天敌引诱剂提供一定的理论依据。利用T型嗅觉仪室内测试了黑肩绿盲蝽对10种水稻挥发物单一组分(苯乙醛、2-庚酮、α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、反-2-己烯醛、叶醇、罗勒烯、水杨酸甲酯、橙花叔醇、石竹烯)不同浓度(100、10、1、0.1 mg·L~(-1))的嗅觉行为反应。试验结果表明,α-蒎烯(100 mg·L~(-1))、水杨酸甲酯(10 mg·L~(-1))、芳樟醇(1 mg·L~(-1))、罗勒烯(1 mg·L~(-1))、反-2-己烯醛(0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))、叶醇(0.1 mg·L~(-1))等6种化合物对黑肩绿盲蝽雌成虫具有引诱效果,而芳樟醇(10、100 mg·L~(-1))、叶醇(100 mg·L~(-1))、橙花叔醇(1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))、β-石竹烯(0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1))对其产生了驱避效果。同种化合物在不同浓度下的作用效果不同。黑肩绿盲蝽会对水稻挥发性化合物单一组分产生一定的嗅觉行为反应,且在不同水稻挥发物不同浓度下的选择行为存在一定的差异。水稻挥发物单一组分的浓度对黑肩绿盲蝽的嗅觉选择行为具有一定的影响,如芳樟醇和叶醇在低浓度下表现出引诱而高浓度下表现出趋避;反-2-己烯醛随浓度的增加引诱效果减弱,而橙花叔醇随浓度的增加驱趋避效果增强。     

How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei,China in severe winter haze episodes

The aerosol direct effects result in a 3%–9% increase in PM_2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei. These impacts are substantially different under different PM_2.5 loadings. Industrial and domestic contributions will be underestimated if ignoring the feedbacks. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM_2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air quality over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the impacts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method (BFM) under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM_2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%–9% on montly average, they are much more significant under high PM_2.5 loadings (~50 μg·m⁻³ when PM_2.5 concentrations are higher than 400 μg m⁻³). When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase (e.g., from 30%–34% to 32%–37% for industrial), especially under high PM_2.5 loadings (e.g., from 36%–44% to 43%–47% for domestic when PM_2.5>400 μg·m⁻³). Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.     

PSM审核加强美企整束安全管理

在过去的20多年里,美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）出台了很多旨在保护工厂工人安全的法规,工艺安全管理（PSM）规范即是其中之一。该规范要求对有毒、反应性、     

Microbial detoxification of metalaxyl in aquatic system

Four microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）, Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, were isolated from cucumber leaves previously treated with metalaxyl using enrichment technique. These isolates were evaluated for detoxification of metalaxyl at the recommended dose level in aquatic system. The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested isolates was also investigated by measuring the intracellular protein and mycelia dry weight for bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of metalaxyl after 28 d of treatment with the tested isolates was evaluated to confirm the complete removal of any toxic materials （metalaxyl and its metabolites）. The results showed that the optimum degree pH for the growth of metalaxyl degrading isolates （bacterial and fungal isolates） was 7. The temperature 30℃ appeared to be the optimum degree for the growth of either fungal or bacterial isolates. The results showed that Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） was the most effective isolate in metalaxyl degradation followed by Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, respectively. There is no toxicity of metalaxyl detected in the supematant after 28 d of treatment with Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）. The results suggest that bioremediation by Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） isolate was considered to be effective method for detoxification of metalaxyl in aqueous media.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

Degradation and mineralization of 2-chloro-, 3-chloro- and 4-chlorobiphenyl by a newly characterized natural bacterial strain isolated from an electrical transformer fluid-contaminated soil

A bacterium classified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain IR08 by phenotypic typing coupled with 16S rRNA gene analysis was isolated from a soil contaminated with electrical transformer ?uid for over sixty years using Aroclor 1221 as an enrichment substrate. The substrate utilization profiles revealed that IR08 could grow on all three monochlorobiphenyls (CBs), 2,4'- and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl as well as 2-chlorobenzoate (2-CBA), 3-CBA, 4-CBA, and 2,3-dichlorobenzoate. Unusually, growth was poorly sustaine...     

Improved speciation of dissolved organic nitrogen in natural waters: amide hydrolysis with fluorescence derivatization

The objective of this study was to improve primary-amine nitrogen (1°-N) quantification in dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from natural waters where inorganic forms of N, which may cause analytical interference, are commonly encountered. Efforts were targeted at elucidating organic-N structural criteria influencing the response of organic amines to known colorimetric and fluorescent reagents and exploring the use of divalent metal-assisted amide hydrolysis in combination with fluorescence analyse...     

Numerical study on the ozone formation inside street canyons using a chemistry box model

Tropospheric ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO_x),volatile organic compounds (VOCs),and solar radiation.In an urban environment,ground-level vehicular exhaust is the major anthropogenic source of ozone precursors.In the cases of street canyons,pollutant dilution is weakened by the surrounding buildings that creates localized high concentration of NO_x and VOCs,and thus leads to high potential of ozone formation.By considering the major physical and chemica...     

如何评估国家层次上的生活满意度

概述 人们应该如何评估国家和个人的福利,即"幸福水平"呢?关于这个问题的答案对于国家甚至国际发展政策的制定至关重要,因为这些政策都清楚地将"变得更好"作为目标.勿庸置疑,如何衡量"更好"就成为了一个关键问题.     

水泥生产过程中职业危害因素识别与控制的探讨

本文从水泥立窑生产工艺、成品、危险有害物质、人员生产作业方式及岗位存在的职业危害因素进行识别与分析,提出可行的预防职业病防范措施。