Mycorrhizal benefit differs among the sexes in a gynodioecious species

Both plant sex and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis influence resource acquisition and allocation in plants, but the interaction between these two components is not well established. As the different plant sexes differ in their resource needs and allocation patterns, it is logical to presume that they might differ in their relationship with AM as well. We investigate whether the association with AM symbiosis is different according to the host plant sex in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum, of which, besides female and hermaphrodite plants, intermediate plants are also recognized. Specifically, we examine the effects of two different AM fungi in plant mass allocation and phosphorus acquisition using a factorial greenhouse/common garden experiment. Cloned G. sylvaticum material was grown in symbiosis with AM fungi or in non-mycorrhizal condition. We evaluated both the symbiotic plant benefit in terms of plant mass and plant P content and the fungal benefit in terms of AM colonization intensity in the plant roots and spore production. Our results suggest that G. sylvaticum plants benefit from the symbiosis with both AM fungal species tested but that the benefits gained from the symbiosis depend on the sex of the plant and on the trait investigated. Hermaphrodites suffered most from the lack of AM symbiosis as the proportion of flowering plants was dramatically reduced by the absence of AM fungi. However, females and intermediates benefited from the symbiosis relatively more than hermaphrodites in terms of higher P acquisition. The two AM fungal species differed in the amount of resources accumulated, and the fungal benefit was also dependent on the sex of the host plant. This study provides the first evidence of sex-specific benefits from mycorrhizal symbiosis in a gynodioecious plant species.     

PSM审核加强美企整束安全管理

在过去的20多年里,美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）出台了很多旨在保护工厂工人安全的法规,工艺安全管理（PSM）规范即是其中之一。该规范要求对有毒、反应性、     

安全!从“小”抓起——记广州市天河区“开学安全教肓第一课”活动

“一到公共场所,首先要留意安全出口位置,方便及时逃生;在家里要注意排查消防隐患,如楼梯疏散通道不能有杂物,家里用电不能多接插板不乱拉电线,要做到‘三查三清四关’……”2月22日是中小学的开学日,天河区昌乐小学近千名师生正在认真聆听“开学安全教育第一课”。     

四川森林消防总队开展地震救援技术培训

日前,四川省森林消防总队开展了为期10天的地震救援技术初级培训,旨在有效解决能力素质短板弱项,积极适应"全灾种、大应急"任务需要,提升队伍"一主两辅"综合救援能力,随时做好"抢大险、救大灾"准备。培训中,教官首先针对地震救援专业性强、危险性高、容错率低的特点,明确了训练过程中的安全管理和自我防护措施,通过基础理论授课、救援案例分析、现场教学示范、组织模拟训练等方式,带领学员主要对地震灾害现场救援行动组织与实施、地震灾害及应急处置、挤压综合征基础理论、灾害救援的心理支持、灾窖现场环境和水源消毒防疫等内容进行了学习掌握。     

长沙开展大型商业综合体消防专项整治行动

日前,长沙市消防救援支队领导分别带队,对全市9家大型商业综合体消防安全开展检查督查。检查的9家大型商业综合体分别为:凯德壹中心、砂之船长沙奥莱、悦方ID MALL、欧亚达家居建材广场、奥克斯广场、华远金外滩、中信城市广场、开福万达广场、CFC富兴时代购物中心。     

甘孜消防深入农牧区宣传防火

日前,甘孜消防组织宣传人员走进辖区农牧区开展消防知识宣传活动,为农牧区群众讲解防火防电注意事项及火灾现场的应急处置方案,并就全州农牧区历年来发生的各类事故案例进行分析,从不同的角度讲解各类火灾隐患的危害性,使广大农牧民群众引以为戒,自觉做好防火工作。     

陕西驻防队伍开展野外全天候实战化训练

跨省驻防期间,新疆森林消防陕西驻防队伍将训练场地向野外陌生地域延伸,根据当前陕西省进入森林防火期和森林火灾特点,灵活设置进行帐篷、水泵架设与撤收、野炊和负重五公里越野跑等多课目训练,锤炼和提升指战员在恶劣环境和复杂条件下综合救援能力,迎战森林防火期。     

Microbial detoxification of metalaxyl in aquatic system

Four microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）, Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, were isolated from cucumber leaves previously treated with metalaxyl using enrichment technique. These isolates were evaluated for detoxification of metalaxyl at the recommended dose level in aquatic system. The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested isolates was also investigated by measuring the intracellular protein and mycelia dry weight for bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of metalaxyl after 28 d of treatment with the tested isolates was evaluated to confirm the complete removal of any toxic materials （metalaxyl and its metabolites）. The results showed that the optimum degree pH for the growth of metalaxyl degrading isolates （bacterial and fungal isolates） was 7. The temperature 30℃ appeared to be the optimum degree for the growth of either fungal or bacterial isolates. The results showed that Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） was the most effective isolate in metalaxyl degradation followed by Aspergillus niger （ER6）, Cladosporium herbarum （ER4） and Penicilluim sp. （ER3）, respectively. There is no toxicity of metalaxyl detected in the supematant after 28 d of treatment with Pseudomonas sp. （ER2）. The results suggest that bioremediation by Pseudomonas sp. （ER2） isolate was considered to be effective method for detoxification of metalaxyl in aqueous media.     

Degradation and mineralization of 2-chloro-, 3-chloro- and 4-chlorobiphenyl by a newly characterized natural bacterial strain isolated from an electrical transformer fluid-contaminated soil

A bacterium classified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain IR08 by phenotypic typing coupled with 16S rRNA gene analysis was isolated from a soil contaminated with electrical transformer ?uid for over sixty years using Aroclor 1221 as an enrichment substrate. The substrate utilization profiles revealed that IR08 could grow on all three monochlorobiphenyls (CBs), 2,4'- and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl as well as 2-chlorobenzoate (2-CBA), 3-CBA, 4-CBA, and 2,3-dichlorobenzoate. Unusually, growth was poorly sustaine...     

The use of the shanny Lipophrys pholis for pollution monitoring: a new sentinel species for the northwestern European marine ecosystems

The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a matter of great concern. Mussels have been extensively used as sentinel species in a large number of monitoring programs. However, the use of bivalves as the sole species has some limitations, because they are not as responsive as fish to Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor agonists. Hence, for many marine areas, there is the need to validate new sentinel fish species that can be used in the assessment of pollution by organic contaminants. The shanny Lipophrys pholis is an intertidal fish that combines many characteristics required in a sentinel species: is abundant and easy to catch, has a wide geographical distribution and restrict home range. After larvae recruitment to the intertidal rocky shores, they remain in the same area for the rest of the life-cycle, thus reflecting local pollutants exposure. In order to evaluate the species sensitivity to organic contaminants under field conditions, L. pholis were collected at six sites reflecting different degrees of anthropogenic contamination. The induction of two biomarkers extensively validated in the assessment of PAHs contamination ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) and Fluorescent Aromatic Compounds (FACs) was evaluated. In parallel, mussels were collected at the same locations and levels of 16 PAHs and selected heavy metals determined. Overall, the specimens collected in the urban areas showed a significant induction of EROD and FACs (up to a six-fold induction) if compared with the reference sites. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the biomarkers and PAHs levels in mussel tissues. Even though further validation is currently in progress, the available data indicate that L. pholis is responsive to organic contaminants such as PAHs, suggesting its future integration in monitoring programmes designed to evaluate the presence of these contaminants in European marine ecosystems.