国外非工程防洪减灾战略研究(Ⅱ)——减灾实例

讨论了美国等国家在防洪减灾中非工程措施方面的一些做法 ,给出了其中一些实例 ,阐述了防洪减灾工程措施与非工程措施的发展趋势。     

地震救灾过渡安置点避雷针的布设选点及安装要求

"5.12"汶川8级大地震波及范围很大,给陕西省部分地方造成了不小的损失.灾后,汉中、宝鸡的地震救灾过渡安置点由于缺乏防雷电保护,打雷时有遭受雷电灾害的可能,亟需要对其采取防雷电保护措施.对救灾过渡安置点采用独立避雷针进行防护,该措施安全可靠、简便易行,就成为首选,其布设选点要科学、规范,可使其效益最大化,避雷针的制作和安装应符合技术标准要求,做到牢固可靠,在施工中要因地制宜.综合考虑,始终把安全和牢靠放在首位.     

蠕变－样条联合模型及其在滑坡时间预报中的应用

根据滑坡演化的一般规律并考虑到外动力因素对斜坡变形破坏的影响，提出了一种蠕变与样条的联合模型。通过新滩滑坡和链子崖危岩体的实例分析，采用蠕变－样条联合模型进行滑坡位移数据分析和临滑时间预报。初步研究表明，联合模型与其它模型相比具有使用方便和精度高等优点     

深化改革 促进地震事业新发展——“地震科技的基础研究与应用研究”研讨班概述

本文概述了在当前面临地震队伍结构调整和人员分流的新形势下,如何进一步深化改革,追踪地震研究的世界先进水平,筛选和确定地震科研的前沿课题,为制定地震工作的深化改革政策提供科学依据。通过对30年地震预报实践的反思,提出今后发展方向。     

Metal and Trace Element Burdens in Two Shorebird Species at Two Sympatric Wintering Sites in Southern California

In January and November, 1994, ten willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) and ten black-bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) were collected at a south-facing sandy beach at the North Island Naval Air Station (NASNI) and ten willets and three plovers were collected at the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge (TSNWR), 16 km to the southeast. Concentrations of 19 inorganic analytes were determined in the livers. Differences between sexes in diet or abilities to retain some analytes are indicated because male willets tend to have greater levels of Cd than females and male plovers tend to have greater levels of Fe, Hg, and Mn than females. Concentrations of Hg and Mg in willets decreased from January to November. If this decrease is a part of an annual cycle, then the birds may be acquiring those elements while at NASNI. The differences between sites shows higher levels of As and Se but lower levels of Mn in willets at NASNI while plovers have lower levels of Cu, Mg and Zn at NASNI. There were no correlations between Hg and Se concentrations in the livers of any sample group of birds.     

零价铁-反硝化菌在地下水硝酸盐污染修复中的应用

综述了应用零价铁-反硝化菌复合体系去除地下水中硝酸盐氮污染的研究进展.脱氮技术主要包括物理化学法、化学还原法和生物反硝化法,但单独使用任何一种方法都无法得到令人满意的处理效果.以零价铁在水中厌氧腐蚀所释放的氯气供给微生物进行反硝化,可以同时解决这两种技术单独使用时所存在的弊端.在此复合体系中,主要反应包括产氨、析氢和反硝化,降低脱氮产物中的氨氮比例就要减少产氨反应的发生几率.此外,使用纳米铁代替零价铁和反硝化细菌复合,可以大大提高脱氮反应速率.然而,该技术的研究在国内外尚处于起步阶段,在反应机理、产物控制、条件优化等方面都存在不足,还需要深入研究.     

2008年11-12月国内环境事件

简要统计了2008年11-12月国内发生的各种环境事件69起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件18起,地震34起,山体滑坡和泥石流7起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害6起.     

基于连通法的甲烷简化机理构筑研究

采用连通法,针对甲烷复杂反应机理,成功地进行了不同水平的机理简化研究。通过建立组分依赖关系的正规化Jacobian矩阵,精确地查明了燃烧组分之间的耦合关系,分别构造出仅包含重要化学路径的两个动力学简化模型,获得的简化机理分别包含227和138个反应,分别涉及39和26种组分。通过对层流预混火焰结构的模拟,所得简化机理和原详细反应动力学机理关于火焰结构的计算吻合很好,计算结果显示,两个简化机理具有较高的模拟精度。     

Pheromone-based female mate choice and its effect on reproductive investment in a spitting spider

Numerous studies have focused on whether organisms can signal or perceive pheromones and use chemical signals in species and mate recognition. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating whether pheromones are used in mate choice. Yet, little attention has been paid in exploring the effects of pheromone-based mate choice on reproductive investment. We first tested this hypothesis by providing virgin Scytodes sp. females with a choice between two virgin males in the presence of chemical signals alone and found strong evidence of an odor-based mate preference. We then examined the consequences of the odor-based mate choice by allowing female Scytodes sp. that had previously made an odor-only mate choice to mate with preferred and non-preferred males, respectively. We measured the success of copulation, mortality of male, pre-oviposition interval, egg-sac weight, egg weight, fecundity, fertility, embryonic period, and size of offspring at hatching. Females that mated with the preferred males produced significantly heavier egg sacs that contained more and larger eggs with a greater fertility. Significantly more non-preferred males than preferred males were killed by spitting. However, pre-oviposition interval, embryonic period, and hatchling size were not affected by female mate choice. This study is the first to demonstrate that female spiders are able to regulate their highly valuable reproductive investment based solely on chemical signals.     

婴儿奶嘴提取液对大鼠肝原代细胞和HepG2细胞的毒性作用（Cytotoxicity of Extraction Liquids of Nipples on Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes and HepG2 Cells）

乳胶制品,如医用手套、婴儿奶嘴、避孕套等,存在着N-亚硝胺及亚硝基物质析出现象.对于乳胶制品中析出的N-亚硝胺及亚硝基物质,我国尚无法规加以限制,对其使用的安全性进行科学的分析更是鲜有报道.论文使用人工唾液盐溶液浸泡婴儿奶嘴,将提取液与体外培养的SD大鼠肝原代细胞、HepG2细胞作用一定时间,通过MTT实验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,检测了婴儿奶嘴提取液对细胞存活率的影响和对DNA的损伤作用.结果显示:排除唾液盐溶液对细胞存活率的影响,婴儿奶嘴提取液与肝原代细胞和HepG2细胞作用24、48、72h,细胞存活率分别降至(85.22±13.77)%、(60.40±20.51)%、(79.28±20.08)%;(71.23±18.22)%、(69.51±16.96)%、(70.25±16.57)%,与阴性对照组(10%DEME)相比均有显著性差异(p<0.01).奶嘴提取液与肝原代细胞和HepG2细胞作用24h,尾长、Olive尾矩、尾DNA%、头尾比分别为(24.86±18.88)μm、6.60±5.99、(52.23±16.90)%、0.86±0.57;(17.48±10.87)μm、9.39±3.23、(57.94±20.94)%、0.83±0.67,显著高于阴性对照组和唾液盐溶液组(p<0.01).研究结果表明婴儿奶嘴提取液能够降低肝原代细胞和HepG2细胞存活率,且对DNA具有损伤作用.