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Producing high-quality graphene sheets from plastic waste is regarded as a significant economic and environmental challenge. In the present study, unsupported Fe, Co, and Fe–Co oxide catalysts were prepared by the combustion method and examined for the production of graphene via a dual-stage process using polypropylene (PP) waste as a source of carbon. The prepared catalysts and the as-produced graphene sheets were fully characterized by several techniques, including XRD, H2-TPR, FT-IR, FESEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. XRD, TPR, and FT-IR analyses revealed the formation of high purity and crystallinity of Fe2O3 and Co3O4 nanoparticles as well as cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) species after calcining Fe, Co, and Fe–Co catalysts, respectively. The Fe–Co catalyst was completely changed into Fe–Co alloy after pre-reduction at 800 °C for 1 h. TEM and XRD results revealed the formation of multi-layered graphene sheets on the surface of all catalysts. Raman spectra of the as-deposited carbon showed the appearance of D, G, and 2D bands at 1350, 1580, and 2700 cm−1, respectively, confirming the formation of graphene sheets. Fe, Co, and Fe–Co catalysts produced quasi-identical graphene yields of 2.8, 3.04, and 2.17 gC/gcat, respectively. The graphene yield in terms of mass PP was found to be 9.3, 10.1, and 7.2 gC/100gPP with the same order of catalysts. Monometallic Fe and Co catalysts produced a mix of small and large-area graphene nanosheets, whereas the bimetallic Fe–Co catalyst yielded exclusively large-area graphene sheets with remarkable quality. The higher stability of Fe–Co alloy and its carbide phase during the growth reaction compared to the Fe and Co catalysts was the primary reason for the generation of extra-large graphene sheets with relatively low yield. In contrast, the segregation of some metallic Fe or Co particles through the growth time was responsible for the growth small-area graphene sheets.
相似文献The rapid urbanization and industrialization is causing worldwide water pollution, calling for advanced cleaning methods. For instance, pollutant adsorption on magnetic oxides is efficient and very practical due to the easy separation from solutions by an magnetic field. Here we review the synthesis and performance of magnetic oxides such as iron oxides, spinel ferrites, and perovskite oxides for water remediation. We present structural, optical, and magnetic properties. Magnetic oxides are also promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Antimicrobial activities and adsorption of heavy metals and radionucleides are also discussed.
相似文献The rising occurrence of emerging contaminants in sludges both inhibits the anaerobic digestion of sludges and induces health issues when sludges are recycled in agriculture, calling for methods to remove contaminants. Here we review emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plants, before and after anaerobic digestion. We present their inhibitory effects and remediation methods to alleviate inhibition. Pharmaceuticals have been detected in about 50% of the sludge samples. Sewage sludge contaminants include 19% of diuretics, 16–21% of lipid-modifying agents, hydrochlorothiazide, diclofenac, furosemide, clarithromycin, atorvastatin, and carbamazepine. Levels of antibiotics, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and estrone range from 500 to 600 ng/g in sludges from wastewater treatment plants. Remediation methods comprise electrooxidation, ultrasonication, thermal hydrolysis, ozonation, and bioaugmentation. Fermenting the sludges with acidogenic bacteria reduces the level of emerging pollutants in the supernatant. Nonetheless, liquid digestates still contains emerging pollutants such as sunscreen octocrylene at 147 ug/L and acetaminophen at 58.6 ug/L. As a result, pretreatment of sludge containing emerging pollutants is required.
相似文献Solid wastes from domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors cause acute economic and environmental problems. These issues can be partly solved by anaerobic digestion of wastes, yet this process is incomplete and generates abundant byproducts as digestate. Therefore, cultivating mixotrophic algae on anaerobic digestate appears as a promising solution for nutrient recovery, pollutant removal and biofuel production. Here we review mixotrophic algal cultivation on anaerobic waste digestate with focus on digestate types and characterization, issues of recycling digestate in agriculture, removal of contaminants, and production of biofuels such as biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and dihydrogen. We also discuss applications in cosmetics and economical aspects. Mixotrophic algal cultivation completely removes ammonium, phosphorus, 17β-estradiol from diluted digestate, and removes 62% of zinc, 84% of manganese, 74% of cadmium and 99% of copper.
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