北京市西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特性

于2012年3—12月在北京市西三环地区按粒径分6级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对颗粒物样品中16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃)进行分析. 结果表明:颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)(PAHs的总质量浓度)季节变化显著,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,并且与ρ(PM)(PM为颗粒物)呈良好线性相关;不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)呈向小粒子富集的趋势,PM_2.1中ρ(PAHs)约占ρ_sum(∑₁₆PAHs)〔6级颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)总和〕的64%~87%;除夏季3环PAHs占优势外,其他季节均以4~ 5环PAHs占优势;同时,随着粒径的减小,PAHs有向高环数富集的趋势. 运用主成分分析和多元线性回归法进行源解析发现,机动车尾气排放和燃煤是本地区大气颗粒物中PAHs的主要来源;不同粒径颗粒物中的PAHs来源有差异,2.1~10.2μm粒径段颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放,贡献率为63.0%;而1.3~2.1μm和<1.3μm的颗粒物中PAHs均主要来源于燃煤,贡献率分别为56.8%和58.7%.      

零价铁PRB技术在地下水原位修复中的研究进展

PRB(可渗透反应墙)是地下水治理中新型的原位修复技术,具有成本低、处理效果好、对环境干扰小等优点,已逐渐应用到实际. 原位修复技术中PRB根据结构的不同可分为单处理系统PRB和多单元处理系统PRB,单处理系统PRB适用于单一污染物、污染浓度较低、污染羽规模较小的场地,多单元系统用于污染场地较复杂、污染种类较多的场地. 零价铁PRB去除地下水中无机污染物及有机组分的反应机理主要是氧化还原反应和还原性脱卤反应. 实际场地PRB的运行中存在的主要问题是零价铁钝化及PRB堵塞,现阶段的解决方法主要包括超声、电化学等,但为了提高PRB技术的实用性,铁材料的解钝化技术、实际场地PRB的设计与安装、PRB体系的长期运行及服务期满后的处置均需进一步的研究探索.      

人工湿地与土壤净化槽处理农村生活污水的对比

针对我国生活污水处理现状及要求,对比研究了普遍推广的人工湿地技术与新兴的土壤净化槽技术,发现在进水水质、环境条件均相同的情况下,上行流人工湿地处理效果优于下行流人工湿地;基质按照不同需氧层铺设不同粒径填料的土壤净化槽处理效果优于基质直接分层铺设填料的土壤净化槽;土壤净化槽和人工湿地出水水质都很好,出水CODCr、TN、TP、氨氮分别达到了二级、一级A、一级B、一级A标准;土壤净化槽装置占地面积小,为人工湿地的2/3.土壤净化槽技术是适合我国国情的有发展前景的生活污水处理技术.     

The effect of preparation conditions of Pt/Al2O3 on its catalytic performance for the H2-SCR in the presence of oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by H₂ in the presence of oxygen has been investigated over Pt/ Al₂O₃ catalysts pre-treated under different conditions. Catalyst preparation conditions exert significant influence on the catalytic performance, and the catalyst pre-treated by H₂ or H₂ then followed by O₂ is much more active than that pre-treated by air. The higher surface area and the presence of metallic Pt over Pt/Al₂O₃ pre-treated by H₂ or pretreated by H₂ then followed by O₂ can contribute to the formation of NO₂, which then promotes the reaction to proceed at low temperatures.     

Direct determination of dichlorvos in water by partial least square-discriminant analysis

This report describes a rapid, onsite method to analyze the dichlorvos pesticide in water. Dichlorvos is a broad-spectrum pesticide that has been used worldwide. As an organophosphorus pesticide, dichlorvos disrupts the nervous system by inhibiting the activity of acetyl cholinesterase. Traditional analysis of dichlorvos by chromatography is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, rapid, on-site methods to analyze dichlorvos are needed. Here, we used for the first time Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square-discriminant analysis to determine the dichlorvos directly in water samples. Results were compared with traditional high-performance liquid chromatography data as reference. We found that over 9,000–8,333?cm^?1, the new method had a good performance with a classification accuracy of 100?% and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between measured and reference data. The new method can also be used as a “concentration sieve” by setting up different levels of boundary, a parameter of partial least square-discriminant analysis, thus allowing rapid on-site screening.     

Urea formation from carbon dioxide and ammonia at atmospheric pressure

Urea synthesis, currently the largest use of carbon dioxide in organic synthesis, is conventionally operated at high pressure and high temperature. Here, we report for the first time that urea forms at atmosphere and ambient temperatures by negative corona discharge in gas phase. The conversion of CO₂ and yields of a solid mixture of urea and ammonium carbamate, which was identified by the ¹³C NMR spectrum, rise with reducing temperatures and increasing molar ratios of NH₃/CO₂ and discharge frequencies. The conversion of carbon dioxide was found to be 82.16?% at 20?°C and 1?atm with a molar flow ratio of n(NH₃)/n(CO₂) of 2.5. High pressure and high temperature as energy inputs are not necessary.     

程海藻类植物种群结构和数量的周年变化特征

2009年10月—2010年9月,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,对程海藻类植物进行了逐月采样调查。结果表明：程海藻类植物种类175种（变种）,种类组成结构特点以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主;数量组成结构特点则是蓝藻占绝对优势,表现出典型的富营养化蓝藻型特征。细胞丰度为390.16×104~51 435.0×104个.L-1之间,年平均4 851.75×104个.L-1。年内时间分布呈现出3次波峰与3次波谷,每一次高峰的出现都伴随着不同种类为主的蓝藻水华暴发;水平分布在种类上无明显差异,数量上则表现出南部断面最低,中部断面次之,北部断面最高;垂直分布以表层最多,底层最低,5.0~20.0 m水柱中差异不明显。与1985年相比,种类组成中硅藻比重下降而蓝绿藻比重上升,一些对环境敏感的种类消失,优势种群发生演变,年内数量变动由单峰型发展为多峰型,湖泊富营养化进一步发展。提出了大力削减入湖污染物、增强湖泊生态系统的功能等控制富营养化的对策建议。     

环境雌激素o,p′-DDT和抗雌激素氟维司群对斑马鱼胚胎的复合效应

为探究雌激素与抗雌激素的复合效应,将斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的胚胎暴露于o,p′-DDT和氟维司群2种典型的环境内分泌干扰物中,考察胚胎孵化率、孵化时间和总畸形率,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测Vtg1、Vtg2和ERα等雌激素效应相关基因的mRNA转录水平.结果显示,与单一化合物的暴露相比,o,p′-DDT和...     

三层滤料高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

试验在传统混凝—沉淀—三层滤料过滤工艺的基础上,通过对滤料级配的改进,将三层滤料高速过滤工艺应用于再生水的生产,对其可行性进行分析研究。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下出水浊度的去除率可达97.5%～98.5%,COD去除率在43%左右。同时研究发现,在高速过滤条件下,通过絮凝剂在滤床中发挥的微絮凝作用,可以起到良好的除污效果且出水水质稳定。     

海上搜救中发现概率的研究

对海上搜救中发现概率及其影响因素进行了研究。重点探讨了影响发现概率的核心因素扫海宽度和指数探测函数的得出和应用,并提出了扫海宽度的修正模型和指数探测函数的修正模型。以期为实际的海上搜救行动提供更加准确的理论依据,推动我国海上搜救辅助决策系统的开发与应用,最终促进搜寻成功概率的提高,保障海上员生命财产安全。