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91.
Elise Huchard Alexandra Alvergne Delphine Féjan Leslie A. Knapp Guy Cowlishaw Michel Raymond 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(5):769-781
In mammals, fathers are facultative caretakers, and male care is expected to evolve only if it is directed towards related
young. Yet, in several promiscuous primate societies, males seem to care for infants despite a presumably low paternity confidence.
In cercopithecines, cohesive associations (‘friendships’) between a lactating female and an adult male are frequent and provide
the female and her infant with protection against various sources of aggression, including infanticide. However, the benefits
gained by males through such relationships remain unclear, in part, because the relatedness between males and their protected
infants has rarely been examined. Moreover, little is known about the nature of the cues underlying kin discrimination by
males in societies where females mate polyandrously. In this study, we combine behavioural and genetic data from wild chacma
baboons (Papio ursinus) in Namibia to investigate (1) whether males are related to their friend’s infant and (2) whether similarity between the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype of males and infants (potentially perceived through odour phenotype) favours
the establishment of friendships. We first show that males share close genetic ties with their friend’s infants, most often
by having sired the infant. Secondly, we find that male–infant MHC (Class II–DRB) similarity, in contrast to paternity, does not predict male–infant associations. Overall, our results clarify the nature
of the evolutionary benefits gained by males in these heterosexual associations, which can be considered as true paternal
care. However, the proximate mechanisms underlying paternity recognition remain to be identified. 相似文献
92.
Alexandra Volokitina Mark Sofronov Tatiana Sofronova 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(7):661-674
Problem of wildfires has not been resolved anywhere in the world. Mere increase of technical power does not lead to desirable
results. Forests of developed countries burn as actively as those in Africa or in Russia. The main reasons of wildfire problem
are as follows: (1) Constant wandering of dry seasons over the planet causing outbreaks of wildfires. (2) Unpredicted self-development
of ordinary wildfires into awful fire disasters. (3) Difficulties in delivery and use of heavy machines on hardly accessible
territories. (4) Absence of a perfect technique for economic evaluation of how effectively the wildfire control system works.
(5) Absence of the system of payments encouraging wildfire fighters. To solve the problem of wildfires in Russia it is necessary
to: (1) Create the Russian wildfire behaviour and fire effects prediction system on the basis of the developed classification
of vegetation fuels and methods of their mapping as well as maximum utilization of forest inventory information and Geographic
Information System (GIS). (2) Elaborate a technique of proper wildfire monitoring including estimation of vegetation damage.
(3) Improve daily rating of regional fire danger. (4) Improve fire-preventive arrangement of the territory covered by vegetation,
the main goal being creation of favourable conditions for active fire management. (5) Choose the main direction in elaboration
of fire-fighting means and methods taking into account their universality, simplicity, reliability, etc. (6) Elaborate an
improved technique for estimation of economic effectiveness of the wildfire control system. (7) Develop international cooperation
of scientists and professionals in fire management. 相似文献
93.
Romain Amiot Delphine Angst Serge Legendre Eric Buffetaut François Fourel Jan Adolfssen Aurore André Ana Voica Bojar Aurore Canoville Abel Barral Jean Goedert Stanislaw Halas Nao Kusuhashi Ekaterina Pestchevitskaya Kevin Rey Aurélien Royer Antônio Álamo Feitosa Saraiva Bérengère Savary-Sismondini Jean-Luc Siméon Alexandra Touzeau Zhonghe Zhou Christophe Lécuyer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2017,104(5-6):47
Oxygen isotope compositions of bone phosphate (δ18Op) were measured in broiler chickens reared in 21 farms worldwide characterized by contrasted latitudes and local climates. These sedentary birds were raised during an approximately 3 to 4-month period, and local precipitation was the ultimate source of their drinking water. This sampling strategy allowed the relationship to be determined between the bone phosphate δ18Op values (from 9.8 to 22.5‰ V-SMOW) and the local rainfall δ18Ow values estimated from nearby IAEA/WMO stations (from ?16.0 to ?1.0‰ V-SMOW). Linear least square fitting of data provided the following isotopic fractionation equation: δ18Ow = 1.119 (±0.040) δ18Op ? 24.222 (±0.644); R 2 = 0.98. The δ18Op–δ18Ow couples of five extant mallard ducks, a common buzzard, a European herring gull, a common ostrich, and a greater rhea fall within the predicted range of the equation, indicating that the relationship established for extant chickens can also be applied to birds of various ecologies and body masses. Applied to published oxygen isotope compositions of Miocene and Pliocene penguins from Peru, this new equation computes estimates of local seawater similar to those previously calculated. Applied to the basal bird Confuciusornis from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern China, our equation gives a slightly higher δ18Ow value compared to the previously estimated one, possibly as a result of lower body temperature. These data indicate that caution should be exercised when the relationship estimated for modern birds is applied to their basal counterparts that likely had a metabolism intermediate between that of their theropod dinosaur ancestors and that of advanced ornithurines. 相似文献
94.
<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eubacterium rangiferina</Emphasis>, a novel usnic acid-resistant bacterium from the reindeer rumen 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reindeer are able to eat and utilize lichens as an important source of energy and nutrients. In the current study, the activities of antibiotic secondary metabolites including usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid commonly found in lichens were tested against a collection of 26 anaerobic rumen bacterial isolates from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) using the agar diffusion method. The isolates were identified based on their 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences. Usnic acid had a potent antimicrobial effect against 25 of the isolates, belonging to Clostridiales, Enterococci, and Streptococci. Isolates of Clostridia and Streptococci were also susceptible to atranoric and lobaric acid. However, one isolate (R3_91_1) was found to be resistant to usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid. R3_91_1 was also seen invading and adhering to lichen particles when grown in a liquid anaerobic culture as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. This was a Gram-negative, nonmotile rod (0.2-0.7 x 2.0-3.5 microm) with a deoxyribonucleic acid G + C content of 47.0 mol% and main cellular fatty acids including 15:0 anteiso-dimethyl acetal (DMA), 16:0 iso-fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 13:0 iso-3OH FAME, and 17:0 anteiso-FAME, not matching any of the presently known profiles in the MIDI database. Combined, the phenotypic and genotypic traits including the 16S rRNA gene sequence show that R3_91_1 is a novel species inside the order Clostridiales within the family Lachnospiraceae, for which we propose the name Eubacterium rangiferina. This is the first record of a rumen bacterium able to tolerate and grow in the presence of usnic acid, indicating that the rumen microorganisms in these animals have adapted mechanisms to deal with lichen secondary metabolites, well known for their antimicrobial and toxic effects. 相似文献
95.
Camille Codaccioni Olivier Picone Véronique Lambert Paul Maurice Léo Pomar Norbert Winer Laurent Guibaud Rose-Anne Lavergne Anne-Hélène Saliou Dorothée Quinio Alexandra Benachi Catherine Noel Yves Ville Fabrice Cuillier Christelle Pomares Nicole Ferret Denis Filisetti Anne-Sophie Weingertner Valérie Vequeau-Goua Estelle Cateau Guillaume Benoist Martine Wallon Marc Dommergues Isabelle Villena Laurent Mandelbrot 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(13):1741-1752
96.
The reactivity of the herbicide cycloxydim (CD) toward singlet oxygen was studied in organic solution and on wax films to mimic the leaf surface. Experiments in solution were conducted in acetonitrile using phenalenone as a sensitizer. For the experiments in the solid state, phenalenone was included in paraffinic wax films and CD deposited at the film surface. By laser flash photolysis we observed that the triplet of phenalenone reacts with CD with a bimolecular rate constant of (9.6 ± 1)×106 M−1 s−1. However, scavenging experiments using β-carotene as a singlet oxygen quencher showed that the observed CD degradation in aerated acetonitrile involves singlet oxygen essentially. The bimolecular rate constant of reaction of CD with singlet oxygen was evaluated to (1.0 ± 0.2)×107 M−1 s−1. Phenalenone included in the wax films also significantly increased the rate of CD photodegradation, the involvement of singlet oxygen being very likely. The photoproducts formed via the singlet oxygen pathway resulted from the oxidation of the thiol group and/or the cyclohexene ring. This study should help to better understand the fate of CD after its spraying on crops. 相似文献
97.
人口迁徙、汇款、生活轨迹及社会应变能力 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
W. Neil Adger P. Mick Kelly Alexandra Winkels Luong Quang Huy Catherine Locke 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(4):358-366
我们认为,人口变化的方方面面,包括迁徙,都影响个人和团体的社会应变能力以及基本资源基础的可持续性.社会应变能力是应对和适应通过适当的制度调节的环境和社会变化的能力.我们调查了当今越南沿海地区人口变化、社会应变能力以及可持续发展之间关系的一个侧面:迁徙和汇款对依赖于资源的人口源区居民群的影响.利用有关生活来源的纵向运动数据,我们发现移民出境和汇款对一个逐渐形成的社会和政治范围内的应变能力有抵消作用.移民出境是与不可持续的沿海养殖业的发展同时并存的,而不是起推动作用.日益增加的经济不平等削弱了社会应变能力.同时,多种经营和收入水平的不断提高有助于应变能力的增强. 相似文献
98.
Regional Environmental Change - Many recognize the role of public policy in catalyzing action to address climate change. Attention has turned to theories of policy change, focusing on agents and... 相似文献
99.
Tuck Fatt Siew Thomas Aenis Joachim H. Spangenberg Alexandra Nauditt Petra Döll Sina K. Frank Lars Ribbe Beatriz Rodriguez-Labajos Christian Rumbaur Josef Settele Jue Wang 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(5):813-829
Transdisciplinary research (TDR) aims at identifying implementable solutions to difficult sustainability problems and at fostering social learning. It requires a well-managed collaboration among multidisciplinary scientists and multisectoral stakeholders. Performing TDR is challenging, particularly for foreign researchers working in countries with different institutional and socio-cultural conditions. There is a need to synthesize and share experience among researchers as well as practitioners regarding how TDR can be conducted under specific contexts. In this paper, we aim to evaluate and synthesize our unique experience in conducting TDR projects in Asia. We applied guiding principles of TDR to conduct a formative evaluation of four consortium projects on sustainable land and water management in China, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In all projects, local political conditions restricted the set of stakeholders that could be involved in the research processes. The set of involved stakeholders was also affected by the fact that stakeholders in most cases only participate if they belong to the personal network of the project leaders. Language barriers hampered effective communication between foreign researchers and stakeholders in all projects and thus knowledge integration. The TDR approach and its specific methods were adapted to respond to the specific cultural, social, and political conditions in the research areas, also with the aim to promote trust and interest of the stakeholders throughout the project. Additionally, various measures were implemented to promote collaboration among disciplinary scientists. Based on lessons learned, we provide specific recommendations for the design and implementation of TDR projects in particular in Asia. 相似文献
100.
Indigenous people play an integral role in shaping natural environments, and the disruption to Indigenous land management practices has profound effects on the biosphere. Here, we use pollen, charcoal and dendrochronological analyses to demonstrate that the Australian landscape at the time of British invasion in the 18th century was a heavily constructed one—the product of millennia of active maintenance by Aboriginal Australians. Focusing on the Surrey Hills, Tasmania, our results reveal how the removal of Indigenous burning regimes following British invasion instigated a process of ecological succession and the encroachment of cool temperate rainforest (i.e. later-stage vegetation communities) into grasslands of conservation significance. This research provides empirical evidence to challenge the long-standing portrayal of Indigenous Australians as low-impact ‘hunter-gatherers’ and highlights the relevance and critical value of Indigenous fire management in this era of heightened bushfire risk and biodiversity loss. 相似文献