ADMINISTRATIVE,INSTITUTIONAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACTIVE WATER MARKET1

ABSTRACT: Voluntary water transfers through markets have been advocated by many diverse groups as a means to reallocate scarce water supplies in the semi-arid western U.S. Although transfers of water rights have occurred almost since the creation of prior appropriation laws over a century ago, functioning water markets have been very slow to develop and are few in number. The structure, composition, administration and transactions of one of the most well established water markets, shares in the Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado-Big Thompson project, are examined to better understand the institutional and transfer conditions that sustain an active water market. Results from a detailed study of C-BT project records reveal that between 1970 and 1993 there were 2,698 transactions through which over one-third of the project water changed ownership or type of use. Further analysis shows that the transactions involved many individual sellers and categories of buyers with different uses, including agricultural buyers. The transfer activity and efficiency of the C-BT market has lead some to suggest that it be used as a model for other markets. However, because this market has fewer institutional restrictions, a well developed infrastructure and unique market conditions, it will be difficult to transfer this model to other areas without accompanying modifications in water right administration and institutions.     

Comparison of field-observed and model-predicted plume trends at fuel-contaminated sites: implications for natural attenuation rates

Subsequent to modeling of natural attenuation processes to predict contaminant trends and plume dynamics, monitoring data were used to evaluate the effectiveness of natural attenuation at reducing contaminant concentrations in groundwater at seven fuel-contaminated sites. Predicted and observed contaminant trends at seven sites were compared in order to empirically assess the accuracy of some fundamental model input parameters and assumptions. Most of the models developed for the study sites tended to overestimate plume migration distance, source persistence, and/or the time required for the benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) plumes to attenuate. Discrepancies between observed and predicted contaminant trends and plume behavior suggested that the influence of natural attenuation process may not have been accurately simulated. The conservatism of model simulations may be attributed to underestimation of natural source weathering rates, overestimation of the mass of contaminant present in the source area, and/or use of overly conservative first-order solute decay rates.     

毛细管气相色谱测定土壤、麦粒和麦秆中燕麦畏残留量

本文用毛细管气相色谱方法测定了燕麦畏在土壤、麦秆和麦粒中的残留量。样品用异辛烷和异丙醇混合溶剂提取，方法的回收率在８２～１０２％之间。相对标准偏差小于７８％。     

Determination of dissolved selenium species in environmental samples

This article reports on the technique for the determination of selenium at ppt level and the procedure for the speciation of dissolved selenium in the environmental samples. By combining the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a fluorescent detector (FLD), this technique permits the determination of selenium at 0.001 μg/L for Se(IV) and 0.005 μg/L for Se(VI) and the total concentration of selenium for a sample volume of 20 ml. In the speciation procedure, Se(IV) is firstly determined based on the selectivity of 2, 4 - diaminonaphthalene (DAN), the Se (VI) and the total element concentration are determined after reduced to Se(IV) by boiling in 4 mol/L HCl and by digesting in HNO3-HClO4 mixture, respectively. Discussions are given on the relationship between selenium speciation in waters and soil water extract and solution pH, EH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC).     

泥沙灾害与泥沙灾害链的分类分级

泥沙灾害是泥沙在其侵蚀、输移和沉积运动发生变异时产生的特殊灾害过程,在本质上不同于通常的气象灾害、水灾害、生物灾害和地质灾害.泥沙灾害有着自身的分类系统和分级规则.泥沙灾害可以按照不同的方法进行分类,从而获得不同的分类结果.泥沙灾害链是泥沙灾害过程的主要表现形式之一.基于泥沙灾害特征及泥沙圈与其他圈层相互关系的考虑,从强度和破坏程度两个方面提出了泥沙灾害系统的分类方法,获得了较为完备的泥沙灾害分类.在泥沙灾害分类分级的基础上,还研究了泥沙灾害链的分类分级.泥沙灾害链的分类可以从受灾体和致灾体两个角度采用单指标和分级分类两种方法进行划分,但采用分级分类法更能体现出泥沙灾害链的特点.     

试论荒漠生态监测的特点和监测指标的确定

从监测目的、监测对象、监测指标和监测数据的获取四个方面,论述了进行荒漠生态环境监测工作的特点.从干旱荒漠区自然环境的基本特征和主要生态环境问题及生态环境管理工作的需要出发,提出了在我国开展荒漠生态环境监测工作的监测指标,以供商榷.     

壬基酚对球形棕囊藻的生态毒性效应

为了探讨环境激素类物质壬基酚（Nonylphenol,NP）对海洋赤潮藻的生态毒性效应,实验以球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）为测试对象,设置了7个NP质量浓度处理（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg·L-1）,实验周期为96 h,测定了各处理组球形棕囊藻的生长、可溶性蛋白质量浓度、光合色素质量浓度、丙二醛（MDA）摩尔分数以及最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）等指标。结果表明,NP对于球形棕囊藻的96 h EC50为0.42 mg·L-1;而且,随着NP质量浓度的增加,球形棕囊藻的生长速率、可溶性蛋白质量浓度、光合色素质量浓度以及Fv/Fm等指标的下降幅度更加显著;随着NP质量浓度的增加,球形棕囊藻的MDA摩尔分数明显上升;NP低质量浓度（0.1 mg·L-1）暴露能够使球形棕囊藻的类胡萝卜素质量浓度、可溶性蛋白质量浓度和Fv/Fm等指标高于对照组,说明球形棕囊藻在NP暴露下能够产生毒物刺激效应现象。     

基于模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫的环境污染物生殖毒性研究进展

由于人类社会的发展,环境污染也越来越严重,研究环境污染物对生态及人类健康的影响极为重要。生殖系统是人和动物繁衍后代的重要系统,常见环境污染物对生殖系统的影响正引起研究人员的广泛关注。秀丽隐杆线虫具有身体透明、品系丰富和遗传背景清楚等优点,为生殖毒理学研究提供了一个便利的平台。以秀丽隐杆线虫为模型已对多种环境污染物的生殖毒性进行了评价。本文重点叙述了重金属、纳米材料、有机物等化学污染,辐射、磁场等物理污染,以及病毒等生物污染对秀丽线虫生殖系统的影响,并归纳讨论了环境污染物造成生殖功能障碍的几种主要机制,如氧化应激、DNA损伤、内质网应激以及神经损伤等,但不同类型污染物的毒性效应与其自身的物化性质紧密相关。环境污染物诱导的生殖毒性中不同响应机制之间的关联性、不同发育阶段的敏感性差异、污染物的传代效应以及有效的缓解方式的筛选等都有待进一步的开展。     

地震类突发事件中的公共财政应急机制

通过对我国地震应急组织体系及财政应对地震类灾害的流程分析,结合国外应对地震类突发事件的成功经验,分析了我国公共财政应对地震类灾害事件中存在的不足,最后通过对应急管理主体机理特征的分析,提出了公共财政应对地震类突发事件的五大机制,即公共财政日常运行机制、震前预警防范机制、震时响应机制、震后恢复重建机制和财政监督检查机制.     

安庆西江长江江豚饵料鱼资源评估

安庆西江是长江江豚（Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis）迁地保护的重要基地,为评估西江长江江豚饵料资源的供给能力,于2016年8月和2017年1月采用水声学探测与电捕取样相结合的方法,评估了西江水域鱼类群落结构和长江江豚可持续利用的鱼类资源。共采集到鱼类5目8科34种,夏季鱼类密度为1.4～5 662.3 ind./1 000 m3,均值为 253.3 ind./1 000 m3;冬季鱼类密度为0.8～2 338.1 ind./1 000 m3,均值为127.5 ind./1 000 m3。基于平均生物量和P/B-系数估算了西江鱼类生产力,并根据Y=0.5P对江豚可持续利用的饵料鱼产量进行了估算,西江可持续供长江江豚摄食的鱼类资源量约为 3 050～40 800 kg/a。为防止凶猛性鱼类种群过度发展与长江江豚争夺饵料资源,建议加强对西江鱼类群落的持续监测,并在必要时进行人工合理调控。 关键词： 西江;水声学;长江江豚;现存量;最大持续产量