容积负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用1套有效容积为3 L的厌氧复合床作为厌氧氨氧化反应器,用提高进水基质浓度和缩短反应器水力停留时间2种方式提高反应器的容积负荷,进而研究反应器最佳的进水浓度和水力停留时间。结果表明,在HRT为24 h的条件下,反应器最佳进水浓度NH4+-N与NO2--N在110 mg/L左右;通过调节HRT发现,当HRT大于8 h时,NH4+-N与NO2--N的去除率都在80%以上。     

Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), and investigate the correlation between maturity and WEOM characteristics. WEOM was extracted at different stages of MSW composting (0, 7, 14, 21, and 51 d) and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the composting process decreased aliphatics, alcohols, polysaccharides, as well as protein-like materials, and increased aromatic polycondensation, humification, oxygen-containing functional groups, molecular weight, and humic-like materials. The maturity of MSW during composting was characterized by the presence of the peak with an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 289/421 nm in excitation-emission matrix spectra.     

纳米Fe3C/炭纤维非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷的研究

针对结构稳定且难以靠常规方法去除的二甲基砷,制备新型负载Fe_3C纳米粒子的炭纤维催化剂,并对其非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷进行了研究.结果表明,纳米Fe_3C/CF与阴极产生的H2O2发生电芬顿催化反应产生羟基自由基将二甲基砷降解为一甲基砷和As(V),As(V)可被同步吸附在Fe_3C/CF催化剂表面.通过考察电催化过程中初始p H、反应物初始浓度、电流强度和催化剂投加量等因素对催化氧化DMA效果的影响,表明在初始p H为3,二甲基砷初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),Fe_3C/CF投量为500 mg·L~(-1)的最佳条件下,经非均相电芬顿反应360 min后,二甲基砷去除率高达96%.     

投加沸石粉活性污泥搅拌参数优化及其对离子交换速率的影响研究

在0.3 m×0.3 m×0.36 m方形搅拌槽中初步探讨了不同的搅拌器类型、安装高度以及曝气强度对投加了沸石粉的高浓度活性污泥悬浮状态的影响,并根据固液悬浮理论确定了最佳的搅拌参数.同时,进行了不同搅拌速率下沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换动力学研究.结果表明在无曝气的情况下,选用三叶推进式搅拌器,搅拌器离底高度为1/3搅拌器直径时所需要的临界搅拌速率最低.曝气有助于反应池中污泥的悬浮,对于30 g/L的污泥,当曝气强度由10 m3/(m2·h)增大1倍时,临界搅拌速率降低了50%.搅拌速率为120 r/min时,沸石对污水中氨氮的离子交换速率受膜扩散过程控制,当其增大为180 r/min时,其控制步骤为粒内扩散,沸石粉活性污泥达到完全均匀悬浮的临界搅拌速率不足以满足传质的要求.需增大一定程度.     

深圳荔枝湖富营养化成因和总磷模型分析

通过9个月水质连续监测,分析了深圳荔枝湖污染来源和负荷.外源污染主要来自雨水管网溢流,降雨后湖水水质急剧恶化,TP浓度可高达0.347 mg/L.底泥释放试验表明,总氮第1周平均释放速率为0.036 8 g,(m2·d),磷源在好氧条件下释放较少.并建立荔枝湖四湖总磷串联模型,通过2组实测数据进行校验,计算结果和实测值吻合;在此基础上,用模型分析,设计初始条件下,采用组合治理工艺每天连续运行24 h,则需要2.18 d可将荔枝湖各湖TP浓度恢复为0.1 mg/L以下,达Ⅳ类地表水标准.     

汾渭平原临汾市2019年春节期间大气污染特征与来源解析

近年来汾渭平原冬季雾-霾事件频发,节假日期间尤为明显,除燃煤和工业排放外,区域的地形和气候特征也是导致雾-霾的主要因素.2019年2月春节期间对汾渭平原临汾站点的空气质量进行观测.运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对PM_2.5中的13种元素(Li、Be、Ti、Rb、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Zr、V、Tl、U和Sn)进行分析测定,并结合站点的气象数据,运用聚类分析和后向轨迹等方法,分析了污染物的时空分布与潜在源区贡献.结果表明,观测期间SO₂的平均浓度为58.39μg·m^-3,超过了国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012) 24 h一级平均质量浓度限值(50μg·m-3),O₃、NO₂和CO的均值浓度分别为52.15μg·m^-3、29.02μg·m^-3和2.29 mg·m^-3.聚类分析结果表明,La、Ce、Ti、V、Li、Be、Rb、Y、U、Sc和Zr主要受地壳土壤源影响.气态污染物的空间分析结果表明...     

Combined ultrasound with Fenton treatment for the degradation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in textile dying sludge

To develop an effective method to remove the toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) from textile dyeing sludge, five CPAHs were selected to investigate the degradation efficiencies using ultrasound combined with Fenton process (US/Fenton). The results showed that the synergistic effect of the US/Fenton process on the degradation of CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge was significant with the synergy degree of 30.4. During the US/Fenton process, low ultrasonic density showed significant advantage in degrading the CPAHs in textile dyeing sludge. Key reaction parameters on CPAHs degradation were optimized by the central composite design as followed: H₂O₂ concentration of 152 mmol/L, ultrasonic density of 408 W/L, pH value of 3.7, the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to Fe²⁺ of 1.3 and reaction time of 43 min. Under the optimal conditions of the US/Fenton process, the degradation efficiencies of five CPAHs were obtained as 81.23% (benzo[a]pyrene) to 84.98% (benz[a]anthracene), and the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) concentrations of five CPAHs declined by 81.22–85.19%, which indicated the high potency of US/Fenton process for removing toxic CPAHs from textile dyeing sludge.     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

沸石对活性污泥增殖及脱氨氮动力学影响研究

考察沸石粉投加对活性污泥增殖及脱氨氮动力学的影响,并根据相关结论探讨了不同泥龄(SRT)条件下沸石粉的生物再生情况。结果表明,曝气池中投加沸石粉可明显提高活性污泥的产率系数和衰减系数。与传统活性污泥法相比,投加沸石粉的试验组稳定运行后,污泥产率系数和衰减系数分别提高12.5%和16.7%;当泥龄≤10 d时,出水氨氮去除率提高10%～37%,继续增加泥龄,氨氮去除率提高不明显。通过对比试验结果的关联性分析,认为在低浓度条件下,沸石中铵离子的解吸速率是沸石生物再生的限制步骤,而且再生速率与泥龄呈正相关对应关系。     

Elemental carbon in urban soils and road dusts in Xi'an,China and its implication for air pollution

Increasing evidence confirms that elemental carbon (EC) is not only a light-absorbing constituent that warms the atmosphere but also a significant environmental pollutant. Investigations were conducted to identify carbonaceous pollution signatures in road dusts and urban soils and to evaluate potential sources in Xi'an. Average concentrations of EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in soils were 0.90, 0.51, and 0.39 mg g^?1, respectively, a little higher than or comparable to prior studies on the Loess Plateau. Vertical profiles in soils revealed soot-EC concentrations from pre-industrialized samples close to ～0.20 mg g^?1, while EC and char-EC varied widely, with no distinct pattern. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in road dusts were all elevated by an order of magnitude. The spatial distribution of total EC, char-EC, and soot-EC in road dusts revealed close correspondence with human activities such as coal combustion and vehicle emissions. The average char-EC/soot-EC ratio was 1.66 for road dusts, suggesting that the main sources of carbonaceous particles are local coal combustion and vehicle emissions. The study demonstrated that EC, char-EC, and soot-EC levels in road dusts are effective indicators of anthropogenic pollution.