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421.
ERIC N. POWELL JOHN M. KLINCK EILEEN E. HOFMANN MARGARET A. McMANUS 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0100-0121
A hydrodynamic–oyster population model was developed to assess the effect of changes in freshwater inflow on oyster populations
in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The population model includes the effects of environmental conditions, predators, and the oyster
parasite, Perkinsus marinus, on oyster populations. The hydrodynamic model includes the effects of wind stress, river runoff, tides, and oceanic exchange
on the circulation of the bay. Simulations were run for low, mean, and high freshwater inflow conditions under the present
(1993) hydrology and predicted hydrologies for 2024 and 2049 that include both changes in total freshwater inflow and diversions
of freshwater from one primary drainage basin to another.
Freshwater diversion to supply the Houston metropolitan area is predicted to negatively impact oyster production in Galveston
Bay. Fecundity and larval survivorship both decline. Mortality from Perkinsus marinus increases, but to a lesser extent. A larger negative impact in 2049 relative to 2024 originates from the larger drop in fecundity
under that hydrology. Changes in recruitment and mortality, resulting in lowered oyster abundance, occur because the bay volume
available for mixing freshwater input from the San Jacinto and Buffalo Bayou drainage basins that drain metropolitan Houston
is small in comparison to the volume of Trinity Bay that presently receives the bulk of the bay's freshwater inflow. A smaller
volume for mixing results in salinities that decline more rapidly and to a greater extent under conditions of high freshwater
discharge.
Thus, the decline in oyster abundance results from a disequilibrium between geography and salinity brought about by freshwater
diversion. Although the bay hydrology shifts, available hard substrate does not. The simulations stress the fact that it is
not just the well-appreciated reduction in freshwater inflow that can result in decreased oyster production. Changing the
location of freshwater inflow can also significantly impact the bay environment, even if the total amount of freshwater inflow
does not change. 相似文献
422.
Gerard McMahon Jerad D. Bales James F. Coles Elise M. P. Giddings Humbert Zappia 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(6):1529-1546
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a study on the use of continuous stage data to describe the relation between urban development and three aspects of hydrologic condition that are thought to influence stream ecosystems—overall stage variability, stream flashiness, and the duration of extreme‐stage conditions. This relation is examined using data from more than 70 watersheds in three contrasting environmental settings—the humid Northeast (the metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, area); the very humid Southeast (the metropolitan Birmingham, Alabama, area); and the semiarid West (the metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah, area). Results from the Birmingham and Boston studies provide evidence linking increased urbanization with stream flashiness. Fragmentation of developed land cover patches appears to ameliorate the effects of urbanization on overall variability and flashiness. There was less success in relating urbanization and streamflow conditions in the Salt Lake City study. A related investigation of six North Carolina sites with long term discharge and stage data indicated that hydrologic condition metrics developed using continuous stage data are comparable to flow based metrics, particularly for stream flashiness measures. 相似文献
423.
J. Y. Kim M.-C. Shin J.-R. Park K. Nam 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(1):0055-0062
The effect of the soil solids concentration in batch tests on the measured values of the partition coefficient (K
p) of organic pollutants in landfill liner-soil material was investigated. Since this study was based on the results of batch
and column tests conducted independently, there were limitations to the conclusions derived. The organic compounds tested
were benzene, methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene, and p-xylene. The results of this study showed that as soil solids concentrations increased, the measured K
p values of these organic compounds strongly decreased. The observed values of K
p stabilized when the soil solids concentration was above a certain value. Typical K
p values obtained from batch tests conducted under high soil solids concentrations were close to those obtained from column
tests. It was concluded that the K
p values of organic compounds measured under low soil solids concentrations, i.e., less than 100 g/l, may not correctly simulate
the field situation. Consequently, the values of K
p obtained with low soil solids concentrations can result in an overestimation of the retardation factor of the landfill liner
material.
Received: March 14, 2002 / Accepted: August 25, 2002 相似文献
424.
Oliveira Amauri P. Bornstein Robert D. Soares Jacyra 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(5-6):3-15
The major topographic, mesoscale, and urban influences on the wind patterns of the City of São Paulo are characterized using one year of surface wind velocity data observed at 11 surface stations within its urban limits. The data was used to study the diurnal and annual variations of wind velocity and horizontal wind divergence within the city. Results showed that the circulation over the investigated area is dominated by three major factors: sea breeze; mountain-valley circulations; and urban effects, such as roughness, building-barrier, and urban heat island. The sea breeze was found to be the dominant feature of the monthly-averaged diurnal variation of São Paulo surface winds during the eight warmest months of the year. The sea breeze front induces a velocity minimum at the time of its passage and a post-frontal afternoon velocity maximum. Mountain-valley thermal effects on the flow can be seen in the temporal divergence/convergence patterns. These thermal effects tend to be more important during colder months, at night, and when the wind velocities are low. Nighttime downslope convergent flows are present over the city during winter and spring and daytime upslope divergent flows are present over the city during summer months. 相似文献
425.
H. Ozaki K. Sharma C. Phanuwan K. Fukushi C. Polprasert 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(1):0031-0038
This paper deals with the present scenario of hazardous waste management practices in Thailand, and gives some insights into
future prospects. Industrialization in Thailand has systematically increased the generation of hazardous waste. The total
hazardous waste generated in 2001 was 1.65 million tons. It is estimated that over 300 million kg/year of hazardous waste
is generated from nonindustrial, community sources (e.g., batteries, fluorescent lamps, cleansing chemicals, pesticides).
No special facilities are available for handling these wastes. There are neither well-established systems for separation,
storage, collection, and transportation, nor the effective enforcement of regulations related to hazardous wastes management
generated from industrial or nonindustrial sectors. Therefore, because of a lack of treatment and disposal facilities, these
wastes find their way into municipal wastewaters, public landfills, nearby dump sites, or waterways, raising serious environmental
concern. Furthermore, Thailand does not have an integrated regulatory framework regarding the monitoring and management of
hazardous materials and wastes. In addition to the absence of a national definition of hazardous wastes, limited funding has
caused significant impediments to the effective management of hazardous waste. Thus, current waste management practices in
Thailand present significant potential hazards to humans and the environment. The challenging issues of hazardous waste management
in Thailand are not only related to a scarcity of financial resources (required for treatment and disposal facilities), but
also to the fact that there has been no development of appropriate technology following the principles of waste minimization
and sustainable development. A holistic approach to achieving effective hazardous waste management that integrates the efforts
of all sectors, government, private, and community, is needed for the betterment of human health and the environment.
Received: February 26, 2001 / Accepted: October 11, 2002 相似文献
426.
N. K. Woodfield J. W. S. Longhurst C. I. Beattie D. P. H. Laxen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2003,46(1):49-64
The UK National Air Quality Strategy has required local authorities to review and assess air quality in their area of jurisdiction and determine locations in their areas where concentrations of specific air quality pollutants are predicted to exceed national air quality objectives in the future. Statutory air quality management areas (AQMAs) are designated where air quality is predicted to be above specified objective concentrations by specific target dates, and statutory air quality action plans will be necessary to improve the local air quality within these areas. Over 124 local authorities in England (including London), Wales and Scotland anticipate declaring AQMAs following the conclusion of the statutory air quality review and assessment process. However, other influences are being exerted on the local air quality management process and AQMA decision-making processes. Such influences include regional and sub- regional collaborative working between local authorities and government agencies and wider political decision-making processes. Some regions of Great Britain (encompassing England (including London), Scotland and Wales) anticipate many AQMA designations, whilst other regions are not anticipating any such designations despite apparently similar air quality circumstances. Evidence for regional or sub-regional variations in the locations of anticipated AQMAs are examined through an evaluation of the outcomes of the scientific review and assessment process undertaken by local authorities declaring AQMAs, and through a local authority survey to identify influences on decision-making processes at a level above that of the local authority. Regional variation is reported in the type of pollutant causing AQMAs to be declared, in the numbers of AQMAs in regions and in the spatial distribution of AQMAs across Great Britain. 相似文献
427.
Christopher I. Thornton Steven R. Abt Warren P. Clary 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(6):1279-1288
ABSTRACT: A meandering stream channel was simulated in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Colorado State University and a series of tests was conducted using four types of vegetation to evaluate the potential effects of vegetation on sediment deposition and retention in a stream channel. The data collected included average flow velocity, flow depth, length of vegetation, density of vegetation, cross-sectional area of the vegetative stem, wetted perimeter of the vegetative stem, and injection and flushing time. The findings indicated that the vegetation could retain from 30 to 70 percent of the deposited sediments. The ability of vegetation to entrap and retain sediment is related to the length and cross-sectional area of the vegetation. The variables describing the flow and the vegetative properties were combined to form a predictive parameter, the sedimentation factor (Sd) that can be compared with the amount of sediment entrapped by vegetation in a stream system. A relation was developed correlating vegetation length to sediment retention after flushing for flexibility and rigid vegetation. 相似文献
428.
Ernest J. Kulik Joseph P. Lingle Thomas A. Nowlan Rickie G. Nesbit 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1996,6(4):51-66
For both private corporations and military branches, downsizing and consolidation are becoming more commonplace. A range of environmental concerns must be addressed to effectively implement a consolidation program. A facility deactivation program can often become a minefield for an organization. Responsible personnel are typically inexperienced with the process, and this can lead to costly mistakes. This article provides insight into this topic based on experience gained with a multifacility program and related environmental issues. It emphasizes the importance of detailed, up-front, proactive project planning; a solid program management system; and accurate identification of project objectives and deliverables. 相似文献
429.
Frank A. Ward Thomas P Lynch 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(6):1127-1138
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an integrated optimal control model that optimizes economic performance of reservoir management in watersheds in which there are significant economic and hydrologic interdependencies. The model is solved using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). Results show that application of this model to New Mexico's Rio Chama basin can increase total system benefits over historical benefits by exploiting complementarities between hydroelectricity production, instream recreation, and downstream lake recreation. 相似文献
430.
Jiří Pšeja Josef Hrnčiřík Jan Kupec Hana Charvátová Petr Hruzík Michael Tupý 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2006,14(3):231-237
Biodegradability testing was performed in an aqueous environment under anaerobic conditions after inoculation with digested sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant. In cross-linking with 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane in limits 0.8–9.1% weight, biodegradability degree decreased from 76.8 to 62.2%; when 1,2:7,8 diepoxyoctane in quantities 1.1–13.2% weight was used, biodegradability degree dropped more prominently – from 72.3 to 22.8%. There is obviously a direct connection between growing cross-link degree (assessed by so-called fixation index) and decreasing readiness to biodegradation, apparently owing to build-up of a network forming an obstacle to access of micro-organisms and enzymes. 相似文献