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111.
112.
The debate on valuing the environment moved to the fore in Britain in the late 1980s, principally as the result of the interaction of two factors: growing party political competition on the environment; and difficulties the Conservative Government were experiencing in defining a distinct neo‐liberal agenda for the environment. Despite its technocratic overtones, valuing the environment has thus become part of a broader political debate. Moreover, there are a number of radical implications for decision making and the role of conservation organizations which flow from an adoption of valuation practices and we seek to identify these as well. 相似文献
113.
Sihai Li Huang Shin Ngew S.O. Hardy Chan Siu Choon Ng Hian Kee Lee T.S. Andy Hor 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1997,44(1-3):481-485
The aim of this study is to develop a catalytic method which has advantages over current method to detoxify and degrade environmentally harmful polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A variety of catalysts have been employed in a preliminary study on 1,4-dibromobenzene and 4,4-dibromobiphenyl which may be considered to represent simple analogues of PCBs. The most satisfactory catalysts are those involving [Pd(dppf)] [dppf = 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene], generated in situ from PdCl2(dppf) or Pd(dppf)2. In the presence of the reducing reagent, namely NaBH4, debromination has been achieved at relative mild conditions with high product yields (> 70%). Thus, our results indicate the possibility of dechlorination of PCBs with such catalysts. 相似文献
114.
T. S. Andy Hor Hian-Kee Lee Ying-Phooi Leong Lai-Tee Phang Zhan Ming Zhang 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1991,19(1-3):151-155
The sulphur dioxide content and thermal stability of the quinol-SO2 clathrate have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), its derivative (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These analyses demonstrated the thermal recoverability of the quinol from the clathrate and hence its potential use as a sponge for SO2 present in the environment as a pollutant. Similarly, Bu4N+I- was found to occlude NO2 and SO2 at 50°C in solution. 相似文献
115.
We know that animals are harmed in plant production. Unfortunately, though, we know very little about the scale of the problem. This matters for two reasons. First, we can’t decide how many resources to devote to the problem without a better sense of its scope. Second, this information shortage throws a wrench in arguments for veganism, since it’s always possible that a diet that contains animal products is complicit in fewer deaths than a diet that avoids them. In this paper, then, we have two aims: first, we want to collect and analyze all the available information about animal death associated with plant agriculture; second, we try to show just how difficult it’s to come up with a plausible estimate of how many animals are killed by plant agriculture, and not just because of a lack of empirical information. Additionally, we show that there are significant philosophical questions associated with interpreting the available data—questions such that different answers generate dramatically different estimates of the scope of the problem. Finally, we document current trends in plant agriculture that cause little or no collateral harm to animals, trends which suggest that field animal deaths are a historically contingent problem that in future may be reduced or eliminated altogether. 相似文献
116.
A Preliminary Risk Assessment Protocol for Renegade Nanoparticles Deployed During Nanoremediation 下载免费PDF全文
C. Paul Nathanail Andy Gillett Caroline McCaffrey Judith Nathanail Richard Ogden 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2016,26(3):95-108
The NanoRem European research project aims to support and develop the appropriate use of nanotechnology for contaminated land remediation by facilitating practical, economic, and exploitable nanotechnology for in situ remediation. This can only be achieved in parallel with a comprehensive understanding of the environmental risk‐benefit balance for the use of the nanoparticles (NPs) being investigated. While the NanoRem NPs could have a significant toxicity this is likely to be less potent than NPs currently being released into the environment, such as those from a variety of antibacterial products. The NanoRem NPs are likely to interact with the aquifer matrix, each other, and groundwater chemistry to rapidly cease to be mobile and are unlikely to penetrate into the aquifer more than a few meters from the point of injection. In terms of the source‐pathway‐receptor paradigm, the NanoRem NPs are cautiously presumed to represent a hazard (i.e., source). At least one receptor, in the form of not yet polluted groundwater, is present at all the NanoRem case study sites. While there are considerable uncertainties particularly with regards to the transport of NanoRem NPs, the ability of NPs to penetrate far into the formation is likely to be very limited. The relatively short travel distances reported in the literature for a variety of NP types and geological conditions suggest that the pathways are at best very limited in extent. Overall, this means that in many cases the level of risk renegade NPs can pose to the environment or human health is at most minimal. A qualitative protocol developed for the NanoRem field trials can demonstrate that injecting NanoRem NPs into contaminated groundwater poses a minimal level of risk due to the reduced pathway. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
117.
Integrating limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes into the landscape of a natural area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gary L. Larson Andy Wones C. David McIntire Barbara Samora 《Environmental management》1994,18(6):871-888
A general conceptual watershed-lake model of the complex interactions among climatic conditions, watershed location and characteristics,
lake morphology, and fish predation was used to evaluate limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes. Our main hypothesis
was that decreasing elevation in mountainous terrain corresponds to an increase in diversity of watershed size and lake area,
depth, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and productivity. A second hypothesis was that watershed location and aspect
relative to climatic gradients within mountainous terrain influences the limnological characteristics of the lakes. We evaluated
these hypotheses by examining watershed location, aspect and size; lake morphology; water quality; and phytoplankton and zooplankton
community characteristics among high mountain forest and subalpine lakes in Mount Rainier National Park.
Although many of the comparisons between all forest and subalpine lakes were statistically insignificant, the results revealed
trends that were consistent with our hypotheses. The forest lake group included more lakes with larger watersheds, larger
surface areas, greater depths, higher concentrations of nutrients, and higher algal biovolumes than did the group of subalpine
lakes. Deep lakes, which were mostly of the forest lake type, exhibited thermal stratification and relatively high values
of some of the water-quality variables near the lake bottoms. However, the highest near-surface water temperatures and phytoplankton
densities and the taxonomic structures of the phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages were more closely related to geographical
location, which corresponded to a west-east climate gradient in the park, than to lake type. Some crustacean and rotifer taxa,
however, were limited in distribution by lake type.
Fish predation did not appear to play an important role in the structure of the crustacean zooplankton communities at the
genus level with the exception of Mowich Lake, where crustacean taxa were absent from the zooplankton community. This was
the only lake inhabited by a true zooplanktivourous species of fish. 相似文献
118.
Eddy J. Moors Annemarie Groot Hester Biemans Catharien Terwisscha van Scheltinga Christian Siderius Markus Stoffel Christian Huggel Andy Wiltshire Camilla Mathison Jeff Ridley Daniela Jacob Pankaj Kumar Suruchi Bhadwal Ashvin Gosain David N. Collins 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):758-769
An ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) runs from the EU HighNoon project are used to project future air temperatures and precipitation on a 25 km grid for the Ganges basin in northern India, with a view to assessing impact of climate change on water resources and determining what multi-sector adaptation measures and policies might be adopted at different spatial scales.The RCM results suggest an increase in mean annual temperature, averaged over the Ganges basin, in the range 1–4 °C over the period from 2000 to 2050, using the SRES A1B forcing scenario. Projections of precipitation indicate that natural variability dominates the climate change signal and there is considerable uncertainty concerning change in regional annual mean precipitation by 2050. The RCMs do suggest an increase in annual mean precipitation in this region to 2050, but lack significant trend. Glaciers in headwater tributary basins of the Ganges appear to be continuing to decline but it is not clear whether meltwater runoff continues to increase. The predicted changes in precipitation and temperature will probably not lead to significant increase in water availability to 2050, but the timing of runoff from snowmelt will likely occur earlier in spring and summer. Water availability is subject to decadal variability, with much uncertainty in the contribution from climate change.Although global social-economic scenarios show trends to urbanization, locally these trends are less evident and in some districts rural population is increasing. Falling groundwater levels in the Ganges plain may prevent expansion of irrigated areas for food supply. Changes in socio-economic development in combination with projected changes in timing of runoff outside the monsoon period will make difficult choices for water managers.Because of the uncertainty in future water availability trends, decreasing vulnerability by augmenting resilience is the preferred way to adapt to climate change. Adaptive policies are required to increase society's capacity to adapt to both anticipated and unanticipated conditions. Integrated solutions are needed, consistent at various spatial scales, to assure robust and sustainable future use of resources. For water resources this is at the river basin scale. At present adaptation measures in India are planned at national and state level, not taking into account the physical boundaries of water systems. To increase resilience adaptation plans should be made locally specific. However, as it is expected that the partitioning of water over the different sectors and regions will be the biggest constraint, a consistent water use plan at catchment and river basin scale may be the best solution. A policy enabling such river basin planning is essential. 相似文献
119.
How many animals really do the Lévy walk? Comment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reynolds A 《Ecology》2008,89(8):2347-51; discussion 2351-2
120.
Mining of the Butte deposit evolved over 100 years from placer mining starting in 1864 through silver mining to copper mining in the 1900s. Tailings resulting from milling during the period 1876-1924 were typically sluiced into the adjacent Silver Bow Creek (SBC) where they were washed downstream. The most significant flood event in 1908, among others, resulted in emplacement of approximately 2.9 m tons of sediment intermixed with tailings as overbank deposits along SBC between Butte and the Warm Springs Ponds. Apportioning the associated costs was contingent in part on discriminating between ownership of liability for the silver and copper tailings, which together formed the most significant portion of the overbank deposits. Samples were collected of tailings end-members and SBC deposits and their characteristic mineralogy (e.g. galena for silver tailings, and enargite for copper tailings) used to ascertain mixing of the tailings along SBC. This analysis identified Pb as a signature element for silver tailings and Cu for copper tailings. Two-hundred and twenty-four Cu and Pb chemical analyses representing 43 transects through the overbank deposits along SBC allowed calculation of the proportional contribution of the end members for each integrated transect. Accumulating the volumes from each transect resulted in an apportionment of 53% copper and 47% silver tailings in the overbank deposits. 相似文献