TiO2光催化复合分离膜对水中天然有机物的去除

在水源污染越来越严重、水质标准日益严格的背景下,超滤（UF）已逐渐成为替代饮用水常规处理技术的最佳选择之一。本研究中采用相转化法,将聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）、聚乙二醇（PEG）和二氧化钛（TiO2）共混制得光催化复合分离膜并对其进行扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和X射线能谱仪（EDS）等相应的表征。比较了有无光照条件下,PVDF-PEG和PVDF—PEG—TiO2膜对腐殖酸（HA）的截留和超滤过程中的膜污染情况。研究结果表明,TiO2光催化复合分离膜能提高对水中天然有机物的去除并同时降低膜污染。紫外光照强度越强,PVDF-PEG—TiO2膜的抗污染性能越好。另外,光催化能更有效地减少超滤初始浓度较低的腐殖酸溶液过程中的膜通量衰减。     

Importance of conserving large and old trees to continuity of tree-related microhabitats

Protecting structural features, such as tree-related microhabitats (TreMs), is a cost-effective tool crucial for biodiversity conservation applicable to large forested landscapes. Although the development of TreMs is influenced by tree diameter, species, and vitality, the relationships between tree age and TreM profile remain poorly understood. Using a tree-ring-based approach and a large data set of 8038 trees, we modeled the effects of tree age, diameter, and site characteristics on TreM richness and occurrence across some of the most intact primary temperate forests in Europe, including mixed beech and spruce forests. We observed an overall increase in TreM richness on old and large trees in both forest types. The occurrence of specific TreM groups was variably related to tree age and diameter, but some TreM groups (e.g., epiphytes) had a stronger positive relationship with tree species and elevation. Although many TreM groups were positively associated with tree age and diameter, only two TreM groups in spruce stands reacted exclusively to tree age (insect galleries and exposed sapwood) without responding to diameter. Thus, the retention of trees for conservation purposes based on tree diameter appears to be a generally feasible approach with a rather low risk of underrepresentation of TreMs. Because greater tree age and diameter positively affected TreM development, placing a greater emphasis on conserving large trees and allowing them to reach older ages, for example, through the establishment of conservation reserves, would better maintain the continuity of TreM resource and associated biodiversity. However, this approach may be difficult due to the widespread intensification of forest management and global climate change.     

The sensitivity of soil enzymes,microorganisms and spring wheat to soil contamination with carfentrazone-ethyl

Herbicides pose a significant threat to the natural environment, in particular in soils that are most exposed to plant protection agents. Prolonged herbicide use leads to changes in soil metabolism and decreases soil productive potential. In this study, the influence of carfentrazone-ethyl (CE) on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil and the yield of Triticum aestivum L. was evaluated. Carfentrazone-ethyl was applied to sandy loam (pH_KCl – 7.0) in doses of 0.000, 0.264, 5.280, 10.56, 21.18, 42.24, 84.48 and 168.96 µg kg^?1 DM soil. Soil samples were subjected to microbiological and biochemical analyses on experimental days 30 and 60. Carfentrazone-ethyl disrupted the biological equilibrium in soil by decreasing the abundance and biodiversity of soil-dwelling microorganisms, the activity of soil enzymes, the values of the biochemical activity indicator and spring wheat yields. Carfentrazone-ethyl had the most adverse effects when applied in doses many fold higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. The toxic effects of CE were also determined by its soil retention time. Soil treated with CE was characterized by higher counts of oligotrophic bacteria, organotrophic bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi on day 60, and spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria on day 30. The activity of dehydrogenases, urease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase was higher on day 30 than on day 60.     

底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响

实验研究了底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响,并对光合细菌产氢得率和初始底物转化为氢气得率进行比较,分析底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢代谢的影响,实验发现底物初始浓度为120 mmol/L时最适合光合细菌的产氢代谢,底物初始浓度达到140 mmol/L时,光合细菌主要进行生物量合成和产酸代谢,得到各浓度梯度下的最大生物量,但对产氢代谢产生抑制作用,表明最大生物量与最大的产氢能力之间不成正比关系及光合细菌产生CO2机制与产氢机制不同;光合细菌最大比产氢活性表现在对数生长期,最大生物量出现在稳定期。实验证明,光合细菌对数生长期受底物浓度影响大,底物浓度低,最大生物量所对应的时间相对较早,底物浓度增大,最大生物量所对应的时间相对延后。     

磨西河特大型泥石流堵塞大渡河分析——以一次泥石流规模、不同频率雨洪法流量定量计算

通过一次过程总量与堵河最小规模的计算,磨西河泥石流堵塞大渡河最小的一次过程总量为84.26万m3。在不同频率下的泥石流一次过程总量计算中,当P=2%(50年一遇),磨西河一次过程总量为83m3,发生堵河可能性较大。     

连铸钢坯二冷段喷嘴性能的实验研究

根据非稳态传热学原理,通过对大试样进行单侧加热,另一侧喷水的实验方法,对连铸二冷段喷嘴的热态性能进行了实验研究。根据实际生产条件,对不同喷水压力和不同喷水距离下,喷嘴传热系数关系进行了研究;实验结果表明:相同实验条件下,水喷嘴的传热系数高于气水喷嘴,而在均匀冷却方面,气水喷嘴更具有优势;无论哪一种喷嘴,随着喷水压力的增加,总体趋势传热系数都在增大,而随着喷水距离的增加,传热系数都在降低;同时,相同实验条件下,双喷嘴的冷却效果优于单喷嘴的冷却效果。     

Selenium volatilization in vegetated agricultural drainage sediment from the San Luis Drain, Central California

The presence of large amounts of Se-laden agricultural drainage sediment in the San Luis Drain, Central California, poses a serious toxic threat to wildlife in the surrounding environment. Effective management of the drainage sediment becomes a practical challenge because the sediment is polluted with high levels of Se, B, and salts. This two-year field study was conducted to identify the best plant species that are salt and B tolerant and that have a superior ability of volatilizing Se from drainage sediment. The drainage sediment was mixed with clean soil, and vegetated with salado alfalfa (Medicago sativa 'salado'), salado grass (Sporobulus airoides 'salado'), saltgrass-turf (Distichlis spp. 'NYPA Turf'), saltgrass-forage (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene), cordgrass (Spartina patens 'Flageo'), Leucaenia (Leucaena leucocephola), elephant grass (Pennistum purpureum), or wild type-Brassica (Brassica spp.). Results show that elephant grass produced the greatest amount of biomass and accumulated highest concentrations of B. Highest concentrations of Se, S, and Cl were observed in wild-type Brassica. Biogenic volatilization of Se by plants and soil microbes was greater in summer. Among the treatments, the mean daily rates of Se volatilization (microg Se m(-2)d(-1)) were wild-type Brassica (39) > saltgrass-turf (31) > cordgrass (27) > saltgrass forage (24) > elephant grass (22) > salado grass (21) > leucaenia (19) > salado alfalfa (14) > irrigated bare soil (11) > non-irrigated bare soil (6). Overall, rates of Se volatilization in drainage sediment were relatively low due to high levels of sulfate. To manage Se in drainage sediment by phytoremediation, the biological volatilization process needs to be enhanced substantially under field conditions.     

从IPCC第四次评估报告看全球气候变化及防灾减灾对策

本文介绍了IPCC第四次评估报告提出的全球气候变化情况,概述了全球气候变化的原因、影响和灾害,提出了相应的防灾减灾应对措施。     

四川省石棉县安顺场飞水岩沟泥石流综合评判及风险性分析

飞水岩泥石流位于四川省石棉县安顺场乡,是一条中频中等规模的泥石流沟。该泥石流沟严重威胁着沟口附近的医院、办公楼和民居等安全。在对该沟进行详细调查和研究的基础上,采用数量化综合评判法和模糊数学综合评判法对其严重性进行了分析。综合评判结果显示飞水岩沟属中等严重的泥石流沟。运用泥石流风险评价理论,结合泥石流的危险度评价和易损度评价,综合飞水岩沟泥石流危险度评价(H单=0.52)和灾害的易损度评价(V单=0.59),运用自然灾害风险度模型,得出了飞水岩沟泥石流的风险度为0.31,为中度风险泥石流沟。针对飞水岩沟的特点提出了相应的防治建议。