基于生命周期评价的中国铝业2000-2009年碳足迹研究

基于铝产品生命周期评价,应用碳足迹方法对中国铝行业能源消耗和气体排放进行研究,分析比较了2000-2009年中国铝行业碳足迹及相对世界总体状况变化趋势.研究表明,在铝产品完整生命周期过程中,每吨原生铝产品的碳足迹为9.31 hm2,其中初级生产过程碳足迹为7.69 hm2,约占总碳足迹的83%,尤以电力所致碳足迹份额相对更为显著.近10 a中国铝行业碳足迹从2000年的2.60×107 hm2增加到2009年的1.21×108 hm2,且相对世界铝行业碳足迹比例逐年增大,成为中国铝行业发展劣势.在此基础上,提出了一些碳减排措施.     

地震作用下深水矩形空心桥墩振动特性分析

基于流固耦合的有限元计算方法,针对水位、水域(内、外)和横隔板这三个因素对深水矩形空心桥墩的自振特性和在地震作用下的动力响应进行了研究,结果表明:水域减小了墩体自振频率,增大了墩顶位移和墩顶加速度等,并随着库区水位的抬升,这一影响愈大;内域水体对桥墩低阶模态自振频率降低显著,外域水体对高阶模态自振频率降低较显著,内、外域水体对墩顶位移和墩顶加速度影响程度接近;有水体时横隔板对桥墩的自振频率降低很大,对墩顶位移和墩顶加速度影响甚微。该研究对优化深水矩形空心桥墩的抗震措施具有重要意义和工程价值。     

基于OMI数据的兰州地区对流层甲醛时空变化研究

基于OMHCHO遥感数据产品,对兰州地区2006—2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空分布进行了分析,并对与其排放相关的因素进行了探讨,结果表明:2006—2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度整体呈上升趋势,其中2006—2011年甲醛柱浓度增加迅速,最大增长率为21.0%,2012—2016年甲醛柱浓度平缓波动上升,11年中年均增长率为5.4%;空间上甲醛柱浓度整体呈现由兰州市区西部及与其相邻的永登县部分区域向周边区域递增的趋势,2006—2011年表现为浓度级的增加和区域的扩大,2012—2015年浓度级及其区域基本不变,2016年在东南部出现高值甲醛柱浓度区;每年的最高值出现在6—8月份,11年中最大的柱浓度值出现在2011年的7月份,最低值基本出现在2—4月份,11年中最低的柱浓度值出现在2006年的2月份;四季对流层甲醛柱浓度水平为:夏季冬季秋季春季;影响因素中气温和风向对大气中甲醛的生成和分布有着促进作用,兰州地区生产总值及各产业增加值,尤其是工业产值和机动车保有量的增加,与甲醛柱浓度升高密切相关,这些人为因素是对流层中甲醛柱浓度变化的主要原因.     

The relationship between ecology and the incidence of cooperative breeding in Australian birds

Summary Australia has many cooperatively breeding species of birds. These tend to occur in eucalypt and semi-arid woodlands rather than in rainforests or deserts. They tend to be insectivores that pursue rather than sit and wait for their prey, and tend to forage on the ground rather than above it. We propose that environments where resources do not show marked seasonal fluctuations are those in which cooperative breeding is most likely to evolve. Under these conditions birds might experience difficulty acquiring the extra food necessary to breed, especially if inexperienced. When adult survival was high, young and inexperienced birds could delay breeding. Unpredictable environments may also favor cooperative breeding, but our data do not strongly support this. Groupliving would be favored further if young birds are particularly vulnerable to predators when alone. They should therefore remain in the family group and delay their dispersal unitl a suitable breeding vacancy becomes available. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, but are complementary. Both may be required to ensure that at least some year-old birds do not breed and also do not disperse. We believe that they give rise to predictions, which can be tested in future field studies.     

三峡水库春季浮游植物群落特征及影响因素

浮游植物群落特征是水域生态系统的一个基础信息,三峡水库作为长江经济带环境保护的重要区域,而关于三峡水库全水域浮游植物群落特征及其影响因素的研究报道仍不多见。为了解三峡水库浮游植物群落特征差异及影响因素等一系列基础信息,于2015年4月对三峡水库进行了大范围的调查,调查范围包括17个长江断面(共51个样点)及22条支流库湾(共122个样点)。结果显示:共采集到浮游植物7门39属61种,以绿藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门为主,其中绿藻门有26种,占据总种数的42.62%;硅藻门有16种,占据总种数的26.23%;甲藻门有7种,占据总种数的11.48%。丰度方面,硅藻门占绝对优势,比例为34.26%,其次是隐藻门(23.72%)、蓝藻门(20.96%)。生物量方面,则是甲藻门占绝对优势,其比例达到了44.18%,随后是隐藻门(29.92%)、硅藻门(14.32%)。丰度和生物量分别变化在2.22×10~4～5.12×10~(7 )cells/L和0.001 8～120.99 mg/L之间,且存在一致的趋势,从三峡大坝往长江上游,丰度值和生物量值逐渐增加。支流库湾浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于长江干流(Mann-Whitney U检验,P0.001)。冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)表明,在长江干流中,水温(WT)、可溶性硅酸盐(DSi)是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子(P0.001);在支流库湾中,硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、水温(WT)是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子(P=0.002)。该研究的成果有助于全面认识了解三峡水库长江干流和支流库湾春季浮游植物种类组成和影响因子,同时对三峡水库水资源管理和水生态保护具有一定参考价值。     

The effects of simulated acid rain on the growth of three herbaceous species grown on a range of British soils

Seedlings of winter barley, perennial ryegrass and white clover were grown on a range of British soils for 21-24 weeks and exposed to simulated acid rainfall treatments of pHs 5.6, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5. Whilst leaves of white clover developed leaf lesions after 18 weeks of exposure to the pH 2.5 treatments, there were no signs of visible injury to the other two species. At harvest, it was noted, for all species, that there was a large amount of variation in the sizes of individual plants and this made it difficult to detect differences between the treatments for plants on an individual soil. However, in combined analyses for all soils, it was found that the treatments had substantial effects on the yields of plants. The yields of both winter barley and clover were highly correlated with rainfall pH, showing substantial reductions in the more acid rains as compared to the pH 5.6 (control) treatment. In contrast, plants of perennial ryegrass produced higher yields of shoots at the most acid (pH 2.5) as compared to the other treatments. It was noted that the pH 2.5 treatment resulted in a generally lower soil pH at the termination of the experiment.     

Investigating the impact of air pollution on AMI and COPD hospital admissions in the coastal city of Qingdao,China

• The impact of air pollution on AMI/COPD hospital admissions were examined. • Significant connection was found between air pollutants and AMI/COPD in Qingdao. • Nonlinearity exists between air pollution and AMI/COPD hospital admissions. Air pollution has been widely associated with adverse effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. We investigated the relationship between acute myocardial infarction (AMI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and air pollution exposure in the coastal city of Qingdao, China. Air pollution in this region is characterized by inland and oceanic transportation sources in addition to local emission. We examined the influence of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃ concentrations on hospital admissions for AMI and COPD from October 1, 2014, to September 30, 2018, in Qingdao using a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM). We found that PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO exhibited a significant short-term (lag 1 day) association with AMI in the single-pollutant model among older adults (>65 years old) and females, especially during the cold season (October to March). In contrast, only NO₂ and SO₂ had clear cumulative lag associations with COPD admission for females and those over 65 years old at lag 01 and lag 03, respectively. In the two-pollutant model, the exposure-response relationship fitted by the two-pollutant model did not change significantly. Our findings indicated that there is an inflection point between the concentration of certain air pollutants and the hospital admissions of AMI and COPD even under the linear assumption, indicative of the benefits of reducing air pollution vary with pollution levels. This study has important implications for the development of policy for air pollution control in Qingdao and the public health benefits of reducing air pollution levels.     

基于GIS的哈密地区旅游资源分析与评价

按国家标准(GB/T18972—2003)对哈密地区旅游资源进行普查,并结合前人所获得的资料,在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下,从资源的丰度、品质、空间结构和空间分布等方面评价了哈密地区旅游资源,总结出哈密地区旅游资源具有类型较丰富、分布不均衡、资源品质一般、特品级旅游资源缺乏;人文旅游资源在数量上占有绝对优势且特色明显,但自然旅游资源仍有较大开发潜力等主要特征。该分析与评价结果可为该地区决策的制定提供战略参考。     

Road Traffic Pollution Monitoring and Modelling Tools and the UK National Air Quality Strategy

This paper provides an assessment of the tools required to fulfil the air quality management role now expected of local authorities within the UK. The use of a range of pollution monitoring tools in assessing air quality is discussed and illustrated with evidence from a number of previous studies of urban background and roadside pollution monitoring in Leicester. A number of approaches to pollution modelling currently available for deployment are examined. Subsequently, the modelling and monitoring tools are assessed against the requirements of local authorities establishing air quality management areas. Whilst the paper examines UK-based policy, the study is of wider international interest.