加强废物进口环境管理防范环境风险对策研究

本文分析了现行废物进口环境管理政策的主要内容和特点,针对当前废物进口管理面临的矛盾和压力,提出了进一步完善废物进口环境管理体系,合理发挥进口废物资源价值和有效控制环境风险的对策建议.具体建议包括,第一,消除认识误区,处理好废物和资源的辩证关系;第二,统筹国内再生资源和进口废物环境管理;第三,加强国际合作和国内协作,预防和控制境外有害废物污染转入;第四,加强监管能力建设完善管理制度;第五,加强基础研究丰富政策手段.     

石家庄市水环境中喹诺酮类抗生素的空间分布特征与环境风险评估

随着社会经济的发展,大量含有抗生素的废水未经有效处理排放到水环境中,加剧了城市水环境中抗生素的污染.本研究以石家庄市地表水和地下水为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS)分析了石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类(Quinolones,QNs)抗生素的空间分布特征,并采用风险熵值法(RQ)评估了石家庄市水环境中QNs的生态风险和健康风险.结果表明:1在石家庄市河流和水库中,QNs抗生素的浓度分别为98.43~4398.00 ng·L^-1和9.99~49.24 ng·L^-1,恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)和依诺沙星(Enoxacin,ENO)分别是河流和水库中主要的QNs抗生素;2在石家庄市地下水中,QNs抗生素的浓度为3.45~15.41 ng·L^-1;3相关分析结果表明,在地表水中氧氟沙星(Ofloxacin,OFL)、诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NOR)、恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)、双氟沙星(Difloxacin,DIF)、沙氟沙星(Sarafloxacin,SAR)、恶喹酸(Oxolinic Acid,OXO)和氟甲喹(Flumequine,FLU)与温度(T)和总溶解性固体颗粒物(TDS)呈显著相关(p<0.01),而ENO与pH显著相关(p<0.01);在地下水中吡哌酸(Pipemidic Acid,PIP)和马波沙星(Marbofloxacin,MAR)与T显著相关;4地表水中QNs与地下水中QNs的相关性不显著,表明石家庄市地下水中QNs的主要来源不是地表水;5生态风险结果表明,石家庄市地表水中QNs总体处于高风险水平,而地下水QNs整体处于中低风险水平;6人体健康风险结果表明,石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的健康风险较低.总体来说,石家庄市水环境中QNs污染在地表水中更为严峻,而石家庄地表水中QNs浓度最高的区域为汪洋沟.     

Effects of Clear-Cutting and Plant Competition Control Methods on Carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Northwestern Ontario

Total captures, species richness, diversity, and assemblages of adult carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a boreal mixed-wood ecosystem study were compared among unharvested, and clear-cut plots untreated or treated with herbicides (Vision® and Release®), mechanical treatments (brush saw and Silvana Selective). Carabids were sampled using unbaited pitfall traps for one growing season 7 and 9 years after clear-cutting, in the second growing season after competition control was applied. A total of 5032 individuals representing 30 species were collected between June 1 and September 25, 1995. Total catches were not affected by the harvest or the conifer release alternatives applied. Species richness and diversity increased following conifer release alternatives. Ten species showed habitat preferences after treatment whereas the remaining 20 species were not significantly affected by treatment.     

Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity

Epiphytic lichen and bryophyte distribution and frequency were investigated on the trunks of 145 young oak trees throughout London and surrounding counties, and compared with pollution levels and bark pH. Sixty-four lichen and four bryophyte species were recorded. Three major zones were identified: (i) two central regions with a few lichens, bryophytes absent; (ii) a surrounding region with a more diverse flora including a high cover of nitrophyte lichens; and (iii) an outer region, characterised by species absent from central London, including acidophytes. Nineteen species were correlated with nitrogen oxides and 16 with bark pH, suggesting that transport-related pollution and bark acidity influence lichen and bryophyte distribution in London today. Lichens and bryophytes are responding to factors that influence human and environmental health in London. Biomonitoring therefore has a practical role to assess the effects of measures to improve London's air quality.     

Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in U.S. jurisdictions

Coral reefs worldwide are declining at an alarming rate and are under continuous threat from both natural and anthropogenic environmental stressors. Warmer sea temperatures attributed to global climate change and numerous human activities at local scales place these valuable ecosystems at risk. Reefs provide numerous services, including shoreline protection, fishing, tourism and biological diversity, which are lost through physical damage, overfishing, and pollution. Pollution can be controlled under provisions of the Clean Water Act, but these options have not been fully employed to protect coral reefs. No U.S. jurisdiction has implemented coral reef biocriteria, which are narrative or quantitative water quality standards based on the condition of a biological resource or assemblage. The President’s Ocean Action Plan directs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop biological assessment methods and biological criteria for evaluating and maintaining the health of coral reef ecosystems. EPA has formed the Coral Reef Biocriteria Working Group (CRBWG) to foster development of coral reef biocriteria through focused research, evaluation and communication among Agency partners and U.S. jurisdictions. Ongoing CRBWG activities include development and evaluation of a rapid bioassessment protocol for application in biocriteria programs; development of a survey design and monitoring strategy for the U.S. Virgin Islands; comprehensive reviews of biocriteria approaches proposed by states and territories; and assembly of data from a variety of monitoring programs for additional metrics. Guidance documents are being prepared to assist U.S. jurisdictions in reaching protective and defensible biocriteria.     

天水市大气SO2浓度时空变化特征的卫星遥感监测与影响分析

大气卫星遥感监测作为一种新型监测手段,具有范围广、速度快、成本低等优势,对环境应急保护及其预警都具有非常重要的意义。选取天水市2006—2013年各年12月每日OMI level-2数据产品,利用Aura卫星技术和Arc GIS等技术平台,对天水市大气中SO_2的时空分布规律和污染原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:2006—2013年天水市SO_2柱浓度及其总量呈现出明显增加的趋势,但在2008年有小幅降低;在2008年以前,天水市SO_2浓度呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的趋势,但自2009年后污染重心发生迁移并且出现了数个集中化的SO_2高值区;研究区SO_2垂直柱浓度有自然因素、人类活动等多方面的复合影响,其中能源消耗及机动车尾气排放是主要影响因素。研究进一步讨论了遥感数据产品的应用前景。     

雌激素受体在环境雌激素评估中的研究进展（Review on Estrogen Receptor to Estimate Environmental Estrogen）

水环境是环境雌激素最大的储存库,环境雌激素可通过水体传递,对水生动物产生严重危害.雌激素的生理功能通过雌激素受体(ER)介导.ER是一种配体依赖性转录因子,通过雌激素应答元件调节靶基因的转录.大量研究证实,在环境雌激素类化合物污染的评价中,ER可作为检测环境雌激素效应的生物标记物之一.但不同亚型的ER具有组织特异性且对配体的结合存在差异,因此在环境雌激素效应的检测中,应注意化学污染物的类型以及受检动物的物种及组织的特异性.检测ER的方法包括ER蛋白直接定量检测和ERmRNA定量分析,检测技术的选择要依据实验设计而定.论文对环境雌激素效应检测中ER的研究进展进行了综述,为环境雌激素污染检测工作提供了理论依据和基本方法.     

基于梯度薄膜扩散技术评估黑麦草吸收Cd的研究

分别采用固态结合相(Chelex100)和液态结合相(聚丙烯酸钠,PAAS)的梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)对盆栽黑麦草实验中的土壤有效态Cd进行了提取,结果表明2种不同结合相的DGT技术提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与黑麦草地上部和地下部的Cd含量都呈显著相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.90,0.89(Chelex100-DGT)和0.90,0.87(PAAS-DGT).运用多元统计分析方法研究土壤pH值、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标的影响,提取出2种主成分因子,建立逐步回归模型.第1主成分与OM和黏粒组成之间呈显著相关,定义为代表土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的“有机指标”,第2主成分则土壤pH值和CEC相关程度较高,定义为代表土壤中影响重金属生物有效性的“无机指标”.研究表明Chelex100-DGT和PAAS-DGT技术均能较好预测黑麦草对Cd的吸收,且包含了土壤理化性质的影响.