柽柳对滨海盐渍土的改良作用及其应用

以山东省威海市高区环海路上的柽柳为研究对象,在其根系附近采集实验组土样并在其周围的空白地面上采集对照组土样,测定几组能够说明其土质的数据,如土壤中生物的分类与计数、有机质的含量、土壤的pH值、土壤中空气的体积以及土壤颗粒的贮水能力.通过将实验组与对照组的比较,分析得出在滨海盐渍土上栽植柽柳不但可增加土壤中微生物的含量,而且可增加土壤中的空气和有机质的含量,提高土壤颗粒的贮水能力,还可降低土壤的pH值,增加观赏性.因此,根据所测的各项指标得出柽柳对滨海盐渍土具有改良作用的结论,为推动与利用柽柳在滨海盐渍土上的种植提供理论依据.     

天津市居民家庭消费的能值生态足迹动态测度与分析

运用基于能值改进的生态足迹模型,对天津市2001-2008近8年间居民家庭消费的能值生态足迹进行时间序列的测度和分析.结果表明,8年间,天津市居民家庭消费的能值生态足迹增长迅速,从2001年的0.309 hm2/人增长到2008年的0.436 hm2/人,增长了40%.从能值生态足迹构成的土地类型看,居民家庭消费的能值生态足迹中,建设用地、化石能源用地的比例较高,增长较快,到2008年时建设用地和化石能源用地的比例已达到78%.这表明天津市居民家庭消费对不可更新资源的依赖程度很大,给城市生态系统安全带来巨大压力. 从能值生态足迹构成的账户类别看,居民家庭住宅消费的能值生态足迹最高,占总能值生态足迹的60%以上,其次是生物资源消费,占总能值生态足迹的20%左右.针对天津市居民家庭消费的能值生态足迹分析结果,提出了天津市促进居民家庭可持续消费模式形成的对策措施,包括加大对可更新资源和清洁能源的利用,发展绿色建筑,倡导节约、健康的生活方式等.     

天津市能源消费的能值生态足迹与能源管理

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市能源供需矛盾日益突出,城市节能降碳工作迫在眉睫.为缓解城市能源危机,对城市的能源消费和能源管理提供决策依据,本文运用基于能值改进的生态足迹模型,对天津市2000-2008年能源消费的能值生态足迹进行时间序列的测度分析,并在此基础上对天津市能源消费的碳排放结构的动态变化趋势进行分析.结果表明,9年间,天津市能源消费的能值生态承载力缓慢增长,从2000年的0.109 hun2/人增加到2008年的0.234hm2/人,而能值生态足迹增长迅速,从0.357 hm2/人增加到0.491hm2/人,人均生态赤字从0.248 hm2/人扩大到0.257 hm2/人,万元GDP生态足迹从0.210 hm2/人下降到0.091 hm2/人.随着天津市能源消费的增加,能源消费的碳排放量从2000年的2.828t/人增加到2008年的3.971 t/人,碳排放强度从1.664 t/万元降低到0.735t/万元.表明天津市在近9年的发展中,能源消费已经远超过承载力水平,碳排放量不断增加,能源消费的不可持续性已经威胁着天津市经济社会发展.针对天津市能源消费的能值生态足迹和碳排放分析结果,提出了促进能源可持续消费模式形成的对策措施,包括调整能源消费结构、降低能源强度、调整经济结构、鼓励可再生能源利用等.     

Local energy generation projects: assessing equity and risks

Micro- and small-scale low-carbon energy generators embedded within villages, towns and cities can provide a valuable income stream for local communities among other potential benefits. There are a range of social, political, technical and environmental factors that may impact upon the success of a planned energy generation project; however, these factors are rarely considered in unison. The aim of this research is to investigate and understand the concerns relating to equity and distributional justice that impact upon local groups interested in developing energy projects and to determine whether a whole systems approach can be used to draw out perceived issues. This has been achieved by working with two small village groups to test a newly developed energy equity assessment tool. This paper reports research findings from two villages in the UK both planning energy projects that intended to benefit their respective villages and examines perceived issues relating to equity and distributional justice associated with the proposed schemes. The research highlights some challenges facing community groups when planning micro- and small-scale energy projects and demonstrates the commitment, tenacity and high levels of personal risk that these groups have to bear in order to bring their projects to fruition and comments as to the type of actions that may be required to more wholly consider equity issues while developing future energy policy.     

白洋淀优势鱼类中喹诺酮类抗生素的生物累积特征及其与环境因子相关性

喹诺酮类抗生素（quinolone antibiotics,QNs）易富集于水生生物中,近年来在我国湖泊中广泛检出,且其生物富集系数和营养传递行为具有明显的时空异质性.本研究选取白洋淀9种优势鱼类为研究对象,分析14种QNs的生物累积特征及其与环境因子的相关性,评估了QNs健康风险.结果表明,白洋淀水体中∑QNs质量浓度范围为0.7400~1590 ng·L^-1,其中氟甲喹（flumequine,FLU）、喹酸（oxolinic acid,OXO）和氧氟沙星（ofloxacin,OFL）检出率较高,FLU平均质量浓度最高;鱼类体内∑QNs含量范围为17.1~146 ng·g^-1,其中环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）和FLU平均含量较高.生物累积系数（bioaccumulation factors,BAF）范围（L·kg^-1）为96.2（BAF_MAR）~489（BAF_CIP）,表明QNs在鱼类中的生物累积能力较低.5种检出率较高的QNs［恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,ENR）、FLU、马波沙星（marbofloxacin,MAR）、诺氟沙星（norfloxacin,NOR）和OFL］的营养放大因子（trophic magnification factors,TMF）范围为0.714（TMF_MAR）~1.33（TMF_ENR）,其中ENR呈营养放大,FLU、MAR和QNs呈营养稀释.理化参数与BAF和TMF相关性分析结果表明,pH、T、SD、DO、COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P与BAF和TMF相关性较为显著.健康风险评估结果表明,CIP的危害系数（hazard quotient,HQ,0.0040~0.026）显著高于其它QNs（≤0.0050）,危害指数（hazard index,HI）范围为0.0010~0.035,具有高健康风险.因此,应制定更为严格的抗生素排放标准,减少湖泊外源有机质和营养物质输入,以减少污染物在鱼类体内的生物累积,降低抗生素污染水平和健康风险.     

海绵铁三金属降解对硝基苯酚的影响因素及催化机理

通过超声置换反应制备钯铜共修饰海绵铁三金属催化剂（Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰））,研究了三金属负载顺序、金属负载量、材料投加量以及重复利用对材料降解对硝基苯酚（PNP）的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征材料表面结构特征.结果表明,Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）催化活性高于Cu-（Pd-s-Fe⁰）和（Cu-Pd）-s-Fe⁰;Cu和Pd的最佳负载量分别为5%和0.025%.在100mL初始浓度为100mg/L的PNP溶液中投加3g Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）并超声反应30min,PNP的降解率超过80%,降解反应基本符合一级动力学方程;Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）材料循环利用4次表现出良好的循环利用性能.此外,PNP的主要催化还原产物是对氨基苯酚（PAP）,主要的反应路径是催化还原反应.     

青海省人口规模预测及人口发展对策研究

人口是社会的基础要素,人口规模及发展趋势预测对区域城市规划的制定和人口政策的调整具有重要的参考意义.综合运用灰色、阻滞增长、人口自然增长、回归分析四种数学模型对青海省2013--2030年人口规模及发展趋势进行预测,结果表明：未来青海省总人口将继续处于稳定增长状态,年平均人口增长率8.77‰,2020年青海省年末常住人口将达到621.11万人,2030年将达到676.25万人.针对青海省的省情和人口发展形势提出相应对策和建议.     

建筑施工企业安全教育培训方案设计研究

针对建筑施工企业传统安全教育培训效果不理想的现状,从行为心理学的视角分析施工企业不同层级人员的安全行为形成机理,研究其对安全培训的不同需求,并根据培训需求对应内容的难易程度分别对简单安全行为和复杂安全行为进行培训方案设计,包括培训方法的选择和培训频率和次数的设计.培训方法的选择主要考虑了培训效果因素,并通过实际调查分析出不同层级适用的培训方法.培训频率和次数的设计针对简单和复杂安全行为分别进行,构建了培训频率与培训次数的决策模型.研究表明:简单安全行为的养成是安全行为习惯的养成,复杂安全行为的养成是在知识学习与积累前提下行为习惯的养成,培训时应区别对待.     

Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment

Endocrine disrupting (ED) chemicals are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system, potentially causing disease or deformity in organisms and their offspring. Pesticides are used widely to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens and medicinally to kill parasites. Many are proven or suspected to be EDs. Ancient physiological similarities between different vertebrate groups suggest that disorders observed in wildlife may indicate risks to humans. This makes accurate risk assessment and effective legislation difficult. In this paper, the hazardous properties of pesticides which are known to have ED properties are reviewed in order to assess the implications for risk assessment. As well as data on sources of exposure in the United Kingdom (UK) an assessment of the evidence on the health effects of ED pesticides is also included. In total, 127 have been identified from the literature and their effects and modes of action are listed in this paper. Using the UK as a case study, the types and quantities of pesticides used, and their methods of application are assessed, along with their potential pathways to humans. In the UK reliable data are available only for agricultural use, so non-agricultural routes of pesticide exposure have been poorly quantified. The exposure of people resident in or visiting rural areas could also have been grossly under-estimated. Material links between ED pesticide use and specific illnesses or deformities are complicated by the multifactorial nature of disease, which can be affected by factors such as diet. Despite these difficulties, a large body of evidence has accumulated linking specific conditions to ED pesticides in wildlife and humans. A more precautionary approach to the use of ED pesticides, especially for non-essential purposes is proposed.     

An Inversion Algorithm for Determining Area-Source Emissions from Downwind Concentration Measurements

Measuring emissions from nonuniform area sources, such as waste repository sites, has been a difficult problem. A simple but reliable method is not available. An objective method of inverting downwind concentration measurements, utilizing an assumed form of atmospheric dispersion to reconstruct total emission rate and distribution, is described in this study. The Gaussian dispersion model is compared to a more realistic model based on K-theory and similarity expressions. A sensitivity analysis is presented indicating the atmospheric conditions under which a successful application of the method could be anticipated. Field releases of sulfur hexaf luoride (SF₆) from a simulated area source in flat terrain were conducted to check the method,ability to reconstruct source distribution, and total emission rate. The sensitivity analysis and the field study confirm that a few ground-level concentration measurements and a simple determination of the atmospheric dispersion characteristics are sufficient, under neutral to stable conditions, to obtain the total emission rate accurately. Reconstruction of the spatial pattern of the source is possible by utilizing concentration information from samplers located on two separate ground-level receptor lines, if a shift in the wind direction occurs and if it can be assumed that the total emission rate is time invariant. A method of cross-checking the accuracy of the reconstruction, using a simultaneous tracer release, is presented.