Acoustic orientation via sequential comparison in an ultrasonic moth

Orientation of female lesser wax moths (Achroia grisella) to male calling song was tested on a locomotion-compensator device that withheld all inter-aural acoustic differences from the insect. Under these circumstances, females remained longer in the vicinity of the sound source if they experienced a variable sound level that increased when approaching the source rather than a level that remained constant at all times. Analyses of orientation paths revealed that greater retention near the source was achieved by enhanced turning when the perceived sound level remained unchanged or decreased but retaining the previous heading when the level increased. These findings suggest that acoustic orientation can be supplemented by mechanisms based on sequential, as opposed to instantaneous, comparison of auditory input. Such mechanisms may be valuable when binaural hearing is impaired or asymmetric or in environments where acoustic differences at the two ears are unreliable indications of direction to the sound source.     

宁夏吸收性气溶胶时空分布及其影响因素研究

基于2008~2017a每天的OMI Level-2数据产品，对宁夏回族自治区吸收性气溶胶指数（UVAI）时空分布特征进行了研究，并对其环境因子（自然与人类活动）进行了相关性分析及冗余分析.结果表明：宁夏回族自治区近10a UVAI空间格局为西北向东南区域逐步递减，UVAI高值区域一直分布在中卫市全境及吴忠市、银川市和石嘴山市的大部分区域.每年的UVAI月变化均呈现“V”型，四季变化特征为冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季，2013a是UVAI由低值向高值突变的年份，2017年UVAI达到十年最高值.结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验结果：季节变化趋势为春季无显著减少，夏季无显著增加，秋季极显著增加，冬季表现为显著增加和极显著增加；年际变化趋势表现为逐年增加，且5市UVAI增加程度不同.UVAI空间变化稳定性呈现由中卫市向南北两边逐渐降低，高低差异显著的分布格局，变异系数区间为0.293~0.442.影响因素中，温度对气溶胶气团存活时间影响最大，能源消耗结构，产业总值及第二产业（工业、建筑业）对气溶胶的生成具有重要影响，降水的影响次之.平均风速、最大风速对宁夏回族自治区高空中气溶胶气团的停留时间表现为较大的负相关.     

改性膨润土对晴纶混纺织物染色废水脱色处理的研究

文章介绍了晴纶纸纺织物在染色时所产生的染色废水的特征,针对该废水在处理时具有脱色难的难题,寻找具有针对性的凝聚剂,最后选用改性膨润土作凝剂.试验结果表明:用CaO调pH值为7、凝聚剂投加质量分数为8%的条件下,废水脱色率可达100%,同时,由于提高了废水的可生化性,为后续深加工处理提供了有利条件.     

江苏溧水神仙洞的发掘和研究——中华文明史应追溯到万年前

对溧水神仙洞的发掘和进行地质、地貌、孢粉、古脊椎动物与古人类、C14 年代及考古等多学科综合研究结果表明 :该洞是石炭系石灰岩沿层面裂隙经地下水溶蚀而成 ;洞穴堆积物的时代应属全新世早期 ,或新石器时代早期 ,绝对年代距今约为 1.1万年。其中发现的动物群为我国南方晚更新世动物群向现代动物群过渡的类型 ,而代表中 -晚更新世的最后鬣狗与代表新石器时代文化标志的陶片共生 ,为我国第四纪时代的划分 ,或新、旧石器时代文化的划分提供了重要依据。陶片则迄今为止是我国具有完整地层层位记录的最古陶片。它的发现 ,不仅将我国新石器时代文化大大推前 ,更为重写中华古史 ,校正“中华五千年文明”的提法 ,将中华文明追溯到一万年前并重排世界古文明位次增加了依据。同时 ,智人颞骨的发现 ,对长江中、下游古人类的研究 ,也提供了新的资料     

Meiofauna on the seagrass Thalassia testudinum: population characteristics of harpacticoid copepods and associations with algal epiphytes

The composition and abundance of bladedwelling meiofauna was determined over a 15 mo period (1983–1984) from a Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König meadow near Egmont Key, Florida, USA. Harpacticoid copepods, copepod nauplii, and nematodes were the most abundant meiofaunal taxa on T. testudinum blades. Temporal patterns in species composition and population life-history stages were determined for harpacticoid copepods, the numerically predominant taxon. Sixteen species or species complexes of harpacticoid copepods were identified. Harpacticus sp., the most abundant harpacticoid, comprised 47.8% of the total copepods collected, and was present throughout the study. Copepodites dominated the population structures of the blade-dwelling harpacticoid species on most collection dates. Ovigerous females and/or copepodites were always present, indicating continuous reproductive activity. Results suggest that epiphytic algae influence meiofaunal abundance on seagrass blades, as densities of most meiofaunal taxa at Egmont Key were positively associated with percent cover of epiphytic algae throughout the study. The majority of significant correlations between meiofaunal density and cover of epiphytic algae involved filamentous algae, although encrusting algae dominated the epiphytic community. It appears that resources provided by epiphytic algae to seagrass meiofauna (additional food, habitat, and/or shelter from predation) may be associated with algal morphology.     

模拟镉污染土壤的电动力学修复研究

采用阳离子交换膜调控电解过程中pH值的变化和电解富集土壤中的元素,在pH=5.0的缓冲溶液中进行土壤的电动强化处理.通过对镉形态的分析,找到镉在电场中迁移转换的规律.在处理时间内,阳极附近镉的去除率达99%以上,阴极镉的富积系数达2.026,表明电场对土壤中重金属的迁移溶出有强化去除作用.     

Morphological and genetic variation in Japanese populations of the anemonefish Amphiprion clarkii

Geographic populations of the anemonefish Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett) from 6 widely separated locations off the coast of southern Japan are morphologically different, exhibiting (1) latitudinal clinal patterns in color pattern and meristics and (2) degrees of genetic differentiation. Electrophoretic examination of 7 polymorphic loci (95% level) among 6 populations collected between July 1979 and January 1980 revealed an average genetic distance value of 0.008. Significance was demonstrated for 39 out of 105 (37%) tests of heterogeneity. Averaged over the 6 populations, the percentage of polymorphic loci ( _0.95) was 24.6% and the proportion of heterozygous loci per individual ( ) was 0.0613. The results indicate that genetic clines are absent and suggest that the morphological variation may not be genetic. Relative isolation of genetic populations may be maintained by (1) localized larval dispersal resulting from a relatively short larval stage, and (2) current gyres tending to trap larvae, increasing the return of juveniles to their adult coastal habitat. Morphological clines may be due to clines in ecological parameters related to latitude.Contribution No. 39 of the Tatsuo Tanaka Memorial Biological Station     

Patterns of sponge biodiversity and abundance across different biogeographic regions

Few studies have compared the underlying nature or structure of marine communities and assemblages across broad spatial scales, despite the importance of such comparisons in understanding global scale responses to environmental change and biodiversity conservation. The aim of this study was to examine the consistency of relationships between sponge abundance and richness on the undersides of boulders (to control for multiple confounding factors) in relation to space availability (boulder size) in three widely separated biogeographic regions. Sponges followed typical species-area (SA) relationships irrespective of site or ocean and we consistently found no decrease in sponge richness at larger boulder sizes. We also found reliable underlying density–area (DA) relationships, with larger boulders supporting more sponge patches at all sites. Although the general SA and DA relationships were similar between oceans and sites, the exact nature of these relationships in terms of the actual species present per unit area, total number of species present or density differed between sites. There were no consistent differences between SA and DA relationships at each locality, suggesting that although disturbance (particularly wave action) regimes may play an important role in controlling sponge biodiversity and abundance, its effects are manifested differently at local-scales. Even though boulders have received a considerable amount of research effort over the past three decades, this is the first study to examine the consistency of DA and SA relationships between ocean basins, finding similar relationships.     

紫球藻的载体培养研究

通过对紫球藻的载体培养进行的较详细研究，获得了适合于紫球藻培养的理想载体；采用载体培养条件的优化和流加营养物质、通气培养以及半连续培养等培养手段，显著提高了紫球藻细胞的质量浓度（ρｍａｘ ＝５．５２ ｇ Ｌ－ １） ． 实验结果表明，利用载体法培养紫球藻不仅能有效地实现高密度培养，易于实现该微藻的连续或半连续培养，而且为细胞的采收带来了很大的方便     

Natural resource scarcity: Empirical evidence and public policy

This study updates and expands the empirical analysis of natural resource scarcity published in 1963 by Harold Barnett and Chandler Morse (“Scarcity and Growth: The Economics of Natural Resource Availability,” Johns Hopkins Press). Unit extraction costs are measured for all extractive products, four major subgroups (agriculture, minerals, forestry, and fishing), and selected individual commodities. The efficacy of the unit cost measure of resource scarcity is addressed and a critique of alternative scarcity indicators is provided. Unit cost appears to be the most practical scarcity index because there are adequate checks against its theoretical shortcomings and data are readily available which contain fewer deficiencies than other indexes. On the basis of the Barnett and Morse definition of relative scarcity, the empirical evidence does not support the need for public actions justified solely on the basis of increasing resource scarcity.