Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment

Endocrine disrupting (ED) chemicals are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system, potentially causing disease or deformity in organisms and their offspring. Pesticides are used widely to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens and medicinally to kill parasites. Many are proven or suspected to be EDs. Ancient physiological similarities between different vertebrate groups suggest that disorders observed in wildlife may indicate risks to humans. This makes accurate risk assessment and effective legislation difficult. In this paper, the hazardous properties of pesticides which are known to have ED properties are reviewed in order to assess the implications for risk assessment. As well as data on sources of exposure in the United Kingdom (UK) an assessment of the evidence on the health effects of ED pesticides is also included. In total, 127 have been identified from the literature and their effects and modes of action are listed in this paper. Using the UK as a case study, the types and quantities of pesticides used, and their methods of application are assessed, along with their potential pathways to humans. In the UK reliable data are available only for agricultural use, so non-agricultural routes of pesticide exposure have been poorly quantified. The exposure of people resident in or visiting rural areas could also have been grossly under-estimated. Material links between ED pesticide use and specific illnesses or deformities are complicated by the multifactorial nature of disease, which can be affected by factors such as diet. Despite these difficulties, a large body of evidence has accumulated linking specific conditions to ED pesticides in wildlife and humans. A more precautionary approach to the use of ED pesticides, especially for non-essential purposes is proposed.     

青海省人口规模预测及人口发展对策研究

人口是社会的基础要素,人口规模及发展趋势预测对区域城市规划的制定和人口政策的调整具有重要的参考意义.综合运用灰色、阻滞增长、人口自然增长、回归分析四种数学模型对青海省2013--2030年人口规模及发展趋势进行预测,结果表明：未来青海省总人口将继续处于稳定增长状态,年平均人口增长率8.77‰,2020年青海省年末常住人口将达到621.11万人,2030年将达到676.25万人.针对青海省的省情和人口发展形势提出相应对策和建议.     

海绵铁三金属降解对硝基苯酚的影响因素及催化机理

通过超声置换反应制备钯铜共修饰海绵铁三金属催化剂（Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰））,研究了三金属负载顺序、金属负载量、材料投加量以及重复利用对材料降解对硝基苯酚（PNP）的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征材料表面结构特征.结果表明,Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）催化活性高于Cu-（Pd-s-Fe⁰）和（Cu-Pd）-s-Fe⁰;Cu和Pd的最佳负载量分别为5%和0.025%.在100mL初始浓度为100mg/L的PNP溶液中投加3g Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）并超声反应30min,PNP的降解率超过80%,降解反应基本符合一级动力学方程;Pd-（Cu-s-Fe⁰）材料循环利用4次表现出良好的循环利用性能.此外,PNP的主要催化还原产物是对氨基苯酚（PAP）,主要的反应路径是催化还原反应.     

白洋淀优势鱼类中喹诺酮类抗生素的生物累积特征及其与环境因子相关性

喹诺酮类抗生素（quinolone antibiotics,QNs）易富集于水生生物中,近年来在我国湖泊中广泛检出,且其生物富集系数和营养传递行为具有明显的时空异质性.本研究选取白洋淀9种优势鱼类为研究对象,分析14种QNs的生物累积特征及其与环境因子的相关性,评估了QNs健康风险.结果表明,白洋淀水体中∑QNs质量浓度范围为0.7400~1590 ng·L^-1,其中氟甲喹（flumequine,FLU）、喹酸（oxolinic acid,OXO）和氧氟沙星（ofloxacin,OFL）检出率较高,FLU平均质量浓度最高;鱼类体内∑QNs含量范围为17.1~146 ng·g^-1,其中环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）和FLU平均含量较高.生物累积系数（bioaccumulation factors,BAF）范围（L·kg^-1）为96.2（BAF_MAR）~489（BAF_CIP）,表明QNs在鱼类中的生物累积能力较低.5种检出率较高的QNs［恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,ENR）、FLU、马波沙星（marbofloxacin,MAR）、诺氟沙星（norfloxacin,NOR）和OFL］的营养放大因子（trophic magnification factors,TMF）范围为0.714（TMF_MAR）~1.33（TMF_ENR）,其中ENR呈营养放大,FLU、MAR和QNs呈营养稀释.理化参数与BAF和TMF相关性分析结果表明,pH、T、SD、DO、COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P与BAF和TMF相关性较为显著.健康风险评估结果表明,CIP的危害系数（hazard quotient,HQ,0.0040~0.026）显著高于其它QNs（≤0.0050）,危害指数（hazard index,HI）范围为0.0010~0.035,具有高健康风险.因此,应制定更为严格的抗生素排放标准,减少湖泊外源有机质和营养物质输入,以减少污染物在鱼类体内的生物累积,降低抗生素污染水平和健康风险.     

The comparative evidence relating to functional and neutral interpretations of biological communities

Neutral and functional theories provide rival interpretations of community patterns involving distribution, abundance, and diversity. One group of patterns describes the overall properties of species or sites, and derives principally from the frequency distribution of abundance among species. According to neutral theory, these patterns are determined by the number of individuals of novel type appearing each generation in the community, whereas functional theory relates them to the distribution of the extent of niches. A second group of patterns describes the spatial attributes of communities, and derives principally from the decay of similarity in species composition with distance. Neutral theory interprets these patterns as consequences of local dispersal alone, whereas the functional interpretation is that more distant sites are likely to be ecologically different. Neutral theory often provides good predictions of community patterns, yet is at variance with a wide range of experimental results involving the manipulation of environments or communities. One explanation for this discrepancy is that spatially explicit models where selection is generally weak, or where selection acts strongly on only a few species at each site, have essentially the same output as neutral models with respect to the distribution of abundance and the decay of similarity. Detecting a non-neutral signal in survey data requires careful spatial or phylogenetic analysis; we emphasize the potential utility of incorporating phylogenetic information in order to detect functional processes that lead to ecological variation among clades.     

新时期的城市环境问题与对策

面对新时期经济高速发展和城市化进程加快的双重挑战,城市环境问题显现出压缩性、复合性、分异性的特点,面对城市发展的形势,我国城市环境保护的对策也要进行相对调整。     

试论建设项目竣工环保验收中的公众意见调查

文章对竣工环境保护验收中公众意见调查的特点、内容、方法、主体、结果及结论等方面进行了阐述,说明了建设项目竣工环境保护验收中进行公众意见调查的必要性,对存在的问题提出了建议。     

北方旱农区玉米自然降水生产潜力研究

针对我国北方水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,利用CERES-Maize作物模型模拟分析了北方旱区玉米自然降水生产潜力及其时空分布规律。研究表明,我国北方旱区玉米的水分生产潜力大小排序依次是半湿润区>半干旱区>干旱区,半湿润区的玉米自然降水生产潜力大约为11000kg/hm₂,干旱区大约在5000kg/hm₂,但同时半湿润区潜力的年际间波动性也最显著,干旱区则相对较为稳定。我国北方旱区东部的玉米生产潜力高于西部,但南北方向潜力差异不明显。     

突发性大气污染事件的环境风险评估与管理

在综合分析国内外突发性大气污染风险源识别、有毒有害物质泄漏及大气扩散、突发性大气污染事件的人体健康和生态风险评价、突发性大气污染事件风险源控制与应急管理等方面研究进展基础上,结合我国环境保护形势提出了开展突发性大气污染事件环境风险评估与管理的主要研究内容及研究方法。并结合研究需要,提出了当前需要解决的关键性科学问题。     

天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属的累积特征

为分析天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V、Zn、Hg)的累积程度,在该研究区工业用地、居住用地和农业用地3种土地利用方式下的土壤表层采集样品进行重金属含量分析,并运用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对重金属累积状况进行评价。结果显示,在工业用地土壤中累积程度较高的重金属为Cd、As、Co、Ni和Zn,在居住用地中为Cd、As、Co、Zn和Pb,而农业用地土壤为Cd、As、Co和Zn。研究区土壤重金属状况总体表现为Cd为重度累积,As为中度累积,Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V和Zn为轻度累积,Cr和Hg基本处于背景值水平。土壤重金属内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明,研究区大部分地区的土壤重金属累积程度都达到中度及以上水平,内梅罗综合指数平均值由高到低依次为农业用地、工业用地和居住用地。与国内其他地区相比,该研究区Cd、As和Co累积程度明显偏高。