我国纸包装废物产生特性和回收状况研究

纸包装被广泛应用于各个领域,消费量巨大,废物的产生量也巨大,但我国对其产生特性和回收体系研究较少。首先分析纸包装的生产量、消费量、废物产生量和回收量,指出我国纸包装废物回收率,远高于废纸的统计回收率;其次,综合分析纸包装废物的回收特性和回收体系状况,指出纸包装废物主要流向和关键环节;然后,对纸包装消费趋势进行预测,最后,提出纸包装废物回收存在的问题和对策措施。     

Influences of working pressure on properties for TiO2 films deposited by DC pulse magnetron sputtering

TiO2 films were deposited at room temperature by DC pulse magnetron sputtering system.The crystalline structures,morphological features and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD),atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometer,respectively.The results indicated that the working pressure was the key deposition parameters influencing the TiO2 film phase composition at room temperature,which directly affected its photocatalytic activity.With increasing the working pressure,the target self-bias decreases monotonously.Therefore,low temperature TiO2 phase (anatase) could be deposited with high working pressure.The anatase TiO2 films deposited with 1.4 Pa working pressure displayed the highest photocatalytic activity by decomposition of Methyl Orange solution,which the degradation rate reached the maximum (35%) after irradiation by ultraviolet light for 1 h.     

天津港运输船舶大气污染物排放清单

运输船舶产生的大气污染物对港口大气环境有重要影响,但我国对这部分内容的研究却相当薄弱.本文首先对天津港运输船舶的总体情况进行调研,根据其排放控制技术水平合理选择了排放因子;而后采用基于燃料消耗的方法,对2006年天津港运输船舶排放的NOx、HC、CO和PM_(10)进行了计算,建立了天津港运输船舶大气污染物的排放清单;最后对2010年和2020年天津港的运输船舶大气污染排放情况进行了预测.该清单的估算和预测可以为加强排放控制和制定相关法规提供重要依据.     

石油污染土壤物化修复前后生物毒性效应

采用作物种子的发芽率作为生态指标对石油污染土壤进行毒性分析,并以蚯蚓为实验生物,研究了石油污染物的生物效应及其对土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,不同的作物种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性,对照清洁土壤,大多数作物种子的萌发都明显受到石油污染的抑制,其中受石油污染影响最严重的是黄豆、蚕豆、玉米.相比之下,在不同石油污染水平下绿豆具有较高的耐受性,且种子发芽率均在90%以上.蚯蚓在受到污染胁迫时,在生理水平上会发生明显的变化,进而影响其存活和生长能力,实验观测到随着石油污染加重蚯蚓存活时间显著下降.在高污染水平石油污染的土壤中(石油污染水平>30 000 mg.kg-1),蚯蚓的耐性降低,仅可以存活5 d左右,说明石油烃对蚯蚓的毒性较大,主要是因为蚯蚓直接与石油接触导致其中毒脱水而死亡.处理后油田污染土,即使在污染水平很低(≈30 mg.kg-1)的情况下,蚯蚓存活时间依然很短(3 d左右),是因为经过石油醚处理过的土壤,其营养物质也随着石油而被处理掉,而土壤中有机质等营养物对蚯蚓的生存具有很大影响.     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地沉积物粒级组成特征及搬运趋势分析

沉积物的粒级组成特征对于分析湿地沉积环境和搬运趋势有着重要意义。基于自然保护区沉积物样品，利用粒度分析、Shepard三角图、C-M图、端元分析和GSTA搬运趋势模型，研究分析了鄱阳湖南矶湿地沉积物的粒级组成特征、沉积类型、动力环境和泥沙搬运趋势。结果表明，鄱阳湖南矶湿地沉积物主要以细粉砂为主，平均值为55.35%。沉积物粒度参数中平均粒径均值为5.24Φ，空间分布上具有由西南至东北Φ值逐渐减小的趋势。沉积物质地类型主要为粉砂、粘土质粉砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂，其中粉砂约占62.5%。端元分析的结果显示EM1和EM2可能与鄱阳湖本身湖流带来的沉积物搬运有关，EM3则指示了赣江泥沙来源，EM4可能与局地小环境的水动力变化有关。鄱阳湖南矶湿地沉积物粒径趋势格局以东部向西部、北部向南部最为显著，鄱阳湖南矶湿地是在赣江与鄱阳湖之间复杂交互作用下形成。     

US/UV-Fenton体系处理高浓度罗丹明B特性研究

以罗丹明B为目标污染物,探索US/UV-Fenton体系对高浓度染料的降解规律.首先对比了Fenton、US-Fenton、UV-Fenton以及US/UV-Fenton体系降解RB的效果,通过建立反应动力学方程,发现各体系反应均符合伪一级动力学,进而分析US/UV-Fenton体系之间的协同因子.考察了初始溶液pH值、H₂O₂的投加量、H₂O₂与Fe²⁺摩尔比、反应时间和超声功率5个因素对US/UV-Fenton体系降解污染物的影响.结果表明,在最佳条件下罗丹明B溶液脱色率为99.9%,COD_Cr和TOC去除率分别为91.2%和61.85%,废水可生化性（BOD₅/COD值）由0.277提高至0.503.最后根据反应规律,分析了US/UV-Fenton体系的反应机制,深度探讨了体系之间的协同促进作用.     

Microprofiles of activated sludge aggregates using microelectrodes in completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) reactor

Microsensor measurements and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were combined to investigate the microbial populations and activities in a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON). Fed with synthetic wastewater rich in ammonia, the SBR removed 82.5±5.4% of influent nitrogen and a maximum nitrogen-removal rate of 0.52 kgN·m⁻³·d⁻¹ was achieved. The FISH analysis revealed that aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) Nitrosomonas and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) dominated the community. To quantify the microbial activities inside the sludge aggregates, microprofiles were measured using pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+, NO2− and NO3− microelectrodes. In the outer layer of sludge aggregates (0–700 μm), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) showed high activity with 4.1 μmol·cm⁻³·h⁻¹ of maximum nitrate production rate under the condition of DO concentration higher than 3.3 mg·L⁻¹. Maximum AerAOB activity was detected in the middle layer (depths around 1700 μm) where DO concentration was 1.1 mg·L⁻¹. In the inner layer (2200–3500 μm), where DO concentration was below 0.9 mg·L⁻¹, AnAOB activity was detected. We thus showed that information obtained from microscopic views can be helpful in optimizing the SBR performance.     

Atypical plant–herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys

The identity of food sources and feeding preferences of specialist herbivores have been commonly inferred from spatial associations between consumer and food items. However, such basic information for well-known marine herbivores, sacoglossans (sea slugs), and their algal diets remains disappointingly lacking, especially from field studies. The sacoglossan, Elysia clarki (Pierce et al. in Molluscan Res 26:23–38, 2006), is kleptoplastic and sequesters chloroplasts from algal food to photosynthesize, so DNA identification of sequestered chloroplasts was employed to verify the algal species fed upon by the slug across its geographic range. The molecular information on the algae consumed by E. clarki was combined with field surveys of slugs and algae in slug habitats in the Florida Keys in July and August of 2008 in order to evaluate whether the diet of this herbivore could be predicted based on its spatial association with algae in the field. A considerable mismatch between food availability and kleptoplast identity was recorded. E. clarki commonly occupied areas devoid of potential food and often contained symbiotic plastids from algal species different from those most frequently found in the surveyed habitats. In three of the four study sites, algal species present were poor predictors of slug diet. These findings suggest that the photosynthetic capability of E. clarki may release the slug from the constraint of requiring proximity to its food sources and may allow for the potential lack of spatial coupling between this herbivore and its algal food. This combination of field surveys and DNA barcoding provided critical and previously unavailable information on herbivore feeding in this marine system.     

Episodic envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more justice always good?

The authors examined how perceived event‐specific procedural and distributive justice about own and envied others' outcomes interacts with episodic envy to predict counterproductive work behaviors. Our results were consistent with the attribution model of justice, finding that episodic envy significantly predicted counterproductive work behaviors aimed at envied others in the workplace and that this relationship was more pronounced when perceptions of procedural, but not distributive, justice about own or envied others' outcomes were high rather than low. We tested a moderated‐mediation model in which self‐attributions for the outcome mediated the effect of episodic envy on counterproductive work behaviors and that the effect of envy was stronger when perceptions of own or others' procedural justice were high rather than low. This research contributes to the literature on envy processes in the workplace and is the first to use a specific emotion, envy, as a proxy for a negative outcome in a demonstration of the attribution model of justice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.