地铁盾构施工泡沫剂改良土体控制渗害的试验研究

地铁建设中地下水影响是环境损伤事故最重要的诱因,分析了近年地铁施工及渗害诱发地层沉降、建筑坍塌的典型工程事故。鉴于泡沫剂改良渣土是盾构隧道施工中维护开挖面稳定及控制地层渗害的极端重要性,研制了一种新型泡沫剂发泡装置,进行了泡沫剂改良地层的系列实验研究,获得了泡沫剂对粘性土和砂土的渗透性影响、流动性影响的实验规律,可为盾构施工中开挖面稳定性与渗害控制提供重要依据。     

Geochemical anomalies from bottom ash in a road construction--comparison of the leaching potential between an ash road and the surroundings

A study was performed between June 2001 and December 2004 with the primary objective of assessing long-term leaching from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in a test road construction in relation to a reference road made up of conventional materials and the natural geochemical conditions in the surroundings. The metal leaching from the test road and the reference road was compared with the natural weathering in the regional surroundings for three time scales: 16, 80 and 1000 years. The results show that Cu and Zn cause a geochemical anomaly from the test road compared with the surroundings. The leaching of Cu from the test road is initially high but will decline with time and will in the long term be exceeded by natural weathering. Zn on the other hand has low initial leaching, which will increase with time and will in the long term exceed that of the test road and the surroundings by a factor of 100-300. For the other metals studied, Al, Na, K and Mg, there is only very limited leaching over time and the potential accumulation will not exceed the background values in a 1000 years.     

Hydrogeological relationships of sandy deposits: modeling of two-dimensional unsaturated water and pesticide transport

Prediction of the movement of water and solutes in the vadose zone requires information on the distribution of spatial trends and heterogeneities in porous media. The present study describes different lithofacies origination mainly from glaciofluvial deposits. Among different lithofacies, hydrological relationships were investigated. By means of a two-dimensional hydrological model it was evaluated how the flow of water and leaching of metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5-one) was affected. Two selected large outcrop sections consisting of glacial outwash deposits were used in the modeling study. Eleven different lithofacies were distinguished and described in terms of texture distribution, sorting, bedding style, and external boundaries based on excavated soil profiles from 27 locations representing seven predominantly sandy landforms in Denmark. Undisturbed soil columns were sampled from each of the lithofacies and brought to the laboratory to be analyzed. With respect to their soil hydraulic properties, the different lithofacies formed four different hydrofacies having relatively homogeneous, hydrogeological properties. Two large outcrop sections from one of the locations (a gravel pit) located near the terminal moraine of the former Weichsel glacier were used for the HYDRUS-2D modeling. Modeling results revealed that the spatial distribution of sedimentary bodies affected water flow and the leaching of metribuzin.     

人工湿地基质除磷研究进展

基质除磷被认为是人工湿地磷去除的主要方式,除磷效果不仅受基质自身物理化学性质的影响,还受水力条件、磷负荷、pH值、季节、温度、有机负荷、溶解氧、干湿交替等因素的影响。本文较系统分析了湿地基质除磷的作用机理和基质除磷效率的影响因素,最后对今后研究的方向进行了展望。     

Rapid decline of persistent organochlorine pollutants in serum among young Swedish males

To investigate a possible time trend in serum concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), representative samples of the young (median age 18 years) Swedish male population were investigated in the years 2000 and 2004. Due to their low age, these men were assumed not to have reached steady state of body burdens of POPs, why their serum concentrations were considered to represent ongoing dietary exposure. Serum concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE), two biomarkers of exposure to POPs, were available for 274 and 223 men, respectively, in 2000 and for 200 men in 2004. The percentage of men with CB-153 or p,p'-DDE below the limit of detection (LOD) was significantly higher in 2004 than in 2000 (30% vs. none, p < 0.001 for CB-153 and 65% vs. 6%, p < 0.001 for p,p'-DDE). Moreover, the median serum concentration of CB-153 decreased from 66 ng g(-1) lipid to 19 ng g(-1), corresponding to a yearly decrease of about 26%. The analogous analysis was not done for p,p'-DDE since the median serum concentration in 2004 was below the LOD.     

Influence of HCl on oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury by dielectric barrier discharge process

The influence of HCl on the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) has been investigated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma process, where the temperature of the plasma reactor and the composition of gas mixtures of HCl, H2O, NO, and O2 in N2 balance have been varied. We observe that Cl atoms and Cl2 molecules, created by the DBD process, play important roles in the oxidation of Hg0 to HgCl2. The addition of H2O to the gas mixture of HCl in N2 accelerates the oxidation of Hg0, although no appreciable effect of H2O alone on the oxidation of Hg0 has been observed. The increase of the reaction temperature in the presence of HCl results in the reduction of Hg0 oxidation efficiency probably due to the deterioration of the heterogeneous chemical reaction of Hg0 with chlorinated species on the reactor wall. The presence of NO shows an inhibitory effect on the oxidation of Hg0 under DBD of 16% O2 in N2, indicating that NO acts as an O and O3 scavenger. At the composition of Hg0 (280 microg m(-3)), HCl (25 ppm), NO (204 ppm), O2 (16%) and N2 (balance) and temperature 90 degrees C, we obtain the nearly complete oxidation of Hg0 at a specific energy density of 8 J l(-1). These results lead us to suggest that the DBD process can be viable for the treatment of mercury released from coal-fired power plants.     

Catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide with carbon monoxide over tin dioxide for direct sulfur recovery process

SO(2) reduction by CO over SnO(2) catalyst was studied in this work. The parameters were the reaction temperature, space velocity (GHSV) and [CO]/[SO(2)] molar ratio. The optimal temperature, GHSV and [CO]/[SO(2)] molar ratio were 550 degrees C, 8000 h(-1) and 2.0, respectively. Under these conditions, the SO(2) conversion and sulfur selectivity were about 78% and 68%, respectively. The following reaction pathway involving two mechanisms was proposed in SO(2) reduction by CO over SnO(2) catalyst: in the first step involving Redox mechanism, the elemental sulfur was produced by the mobility of the lattice oxygen between SO(2) and SnO(2) surface. In the second step, COS was formed by the side reaction between elemental sulfur and CO or metal sulfide and CO. In the third step involving COS intermediate mechanism, the abundant elemental sulfur was produced by the SO(2) reduction by COS which was produced in the second step and was more effective reducing agent than CO.     

Experimental and modeling study of the effect of CH(4) and pulverized coal on selective non-catalytic reduction process

The reduction of nitric oxide using ammonia combined with methane and pulverized coal additives has been studied in a drop tube furnace reactor. Simulated flue gas with 1000ppm NO(x) and 3.4% excess oxygen was generated by cylinder gas. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 700-1200 degrees C to investigate the effects of additives on the DeNO(x) performance. Subsequently, a kinetic mechanism was modified and validated based on experimental results, and a computational kinetic modeling with CHEMKIN was conducted to analyze the secondary pollutants. For both methane and pulverized coal additives, the temperature window is shifted towards lower temperatures. The appropriate reaction temperature is shifted to about 900 and 800 degrees C, respectively with 1000ppm methane and 0.051gmin(-1) pulverized lignite coal. The addition of methane and pulverized coal widens the temperature window towards lower temperature suggesting a low temperature application of the process. Furthermore, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) reaction rate is accelerated evidently with additives and the residence time to complete the reaction is shortened distinctly. NO(x) reduction efficiency with 80% is achieved in about 0.3s without additive at 1000 degrees C. However, it is achieved in only about 0.2s with 100ppm methane as additive, and only 0.07 and 0.05s are needed respectively for the cases of 500 and 1000ppm methane. The modified kinetic modeling agrees well with the experimental results and reveals additional information about the process. Investigation on the byproducts where NO(2) and N(2)O were analyzed by modeling and the others were investigated by experimental means indicates that emissions would not increase with methane and pulverized coal additions in SNCR process and the efficacious temperature range of SNCR reaction is widened approximately with 100 degrees C.     

Effects of cadmium on glutathione synthesis in hepatopancreas of freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangtsekiense

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most deleterious heavy metals in aquatic systems that could promote oxidative damage. To explore the effects of Cd exposure of a freshwater crab (Sinopotamon yangtsekiense) on hepatopancreatic glutathione (GSH) synthesis, crabs were exposed to the reagent with a dose range of 7.25-116.00 mg L(-1) for 48 h. The concentrations of GSH, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), NADPH and NADP(+), as well as the activities of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, i.e. glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) were determined. Progressive depletion of cellular GSH content was observed with the increasing of Cd concentrations, while the level of GSSG remained constant. In response to Cd exposure, crabs showed significant induction of G6PD and NADPH, however, only up to moderate exposures. GR activity remained at a steady level at all exposure concentrations. The activity of gamma-GCS was significantly positively correlated with the Cd concentration. These results suggested that GSH synthesis could be activated against reactive oxygen species induced by lower Cd exposure; under the higher Cd exposure conditions, an inhibition of NADPH-dependant redox cycling and de novo GSH synthesis led to significant decrease in GSH content.     

几种络合态铜对彩虹方头鱼的生物有效性

通过暴露实验和化学形态计算方法研究了彩虹方头鱼(Ｐａｒａｃｈｅｉｒｏｄｏｎｉｎｎｅｓｉ)对四种铜络合物的吸收．结果表明,络合态铜可被彩虹方头鱼吸收,但对络合态铜的吸收率显著低于对非络合态铜的吸收率,在其它形态铜含量基本恒定的条件下,铜吸收量随络合态铜含量的增加而呈线性增加趋势．不同络合态铜的有效性也有显著差别,条件稳定常数越高,则越不容易被吸收．由于铜暴露导致的粘液分泌量的变化从另一侧面证实了络合态铜的可吸收性．