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131.
The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content
of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts,
to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance
liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins
and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial
concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks. 相似文献
132.
Many symbioses involve multiple partners in complex, multi-level associations, yet little is known concerning patterns of
nutrient transfer in multi-level marine mutualisms. We used the anemonefish symbiosis as a model system to create a balance
sheet for nitrogen production and transfer within a three-way symbiotic system. We quantified diel patterns in excretion of
ammonia by anemonefish and subsequent absorption by host sea anemones and zooxanthellae under laboratory conditions. Rates
of ammonia excretion by the anemonefish Amphiprion bicinctus varied from a high of 1.84 μmole g−1 h−1 at 2 h after feeding, to a basal rate of 0.50 μmole g−1 h−1 at 24–36 h since the last meal. Conversely, host sea anemones Entacmaea quadricolor absorbed ammonia at a rate of 0.10 μmole g−1 h−1 during the daytime in ammonia-enriched seawater, but during the night reduced their absorption rate to near zero, indicating
that ammonia uptake was driven by zooxanthella photosynthesis. When incubated together, net ammonia excretion was virturally
zero, indicating that host anemones absorbed most of the ammonia produced by resident fish. Adult anemonefish weighed about
11 g under laboratory conditions, but on the coral reef may reach up to 64 g, resulting in a maximal potential ammonia load
of >200 μmole h−1 produced by two adult fish during daylight hours. In contrast, host sea anemones weighed about 47 g in the laboratory, but
under field conditions, large individuals may reach 680 g, so their maximal ammonia clearance rates may reach about 70 μmole h−1 during the daytime. As such, the ammonia load produced by adult anemonefish far exceeds the clearance rate of host anemones
and zooxanthellae. Ammonia transfer likely occurs mainly during the daytime, when anemonefish consume zooplankton and excrete
rapidly, and in turn the zooxanthellae are photosynthetically active and drive rapid ammonia uptake. We conclude that zooplanktivorous
fishes that form mutualisms with coral reef cnidarians may serve as an important link between open water and benthic ecosystems,
through the transfer of large quantities of nutrients to zooxanthellate hosts, thus enhancing coral reef productivity. 相似文献
133.
Matteo Carpentieri Paolo Giambini Andrea Corti 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):415-429
Several wind tunnel experiments of tracer dispersion from reduced-scale landfill models are presented in this paper. Different
experimental set-ups, hot-wire anemometry, particle image velocimetry and tracer concentration measurements were used for
the characterisation of flow and dispersion phenomena nearby the models. The main aim of these experiments is to build an
extensive experimental data set useful for model validation purposes. To demonstrate the potentiality of the experimental
data set, a validation exercise on several mathematical models was performed by means of a statistical technique. The experiments
highlighted an increase in pollutant ground level concentrations immediately downwind from the landfill because of induced
turbulence and mean flow deflection. This phenomenon turns out to be predominant for the dispersion process. Tests with a
different set-up showed an important dependence of the dispersion phenomena from the landfill height and highlighted how complex
orographic conditions downwind of the landfill do not affect significantly the dispersion behaviour. Validation exercises
were useful for model calibration, improving code reliability, as well as evaluating performances. The Van Ulden model proved
to give the most encouraging results. 相似文献
134.
Felix Deutsch Jean Vankerkom Liliane Janssen Filip Lefebre Clemens Mensink Frans Fierens Gerwin Dumont Edward Roekens 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):431-437
The European Operational Smog (EUROS) integrated air quality modelling system has been extended to model fine particulate
matter (PM). From an extended literature study, the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism and the Model of Aerosol Dynamics,
Reaction, Ionisation and Dissolution were selected and recently coupled to EUROS. Currently, modelling of mass and chemical
composition of aerosols in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10–2.5) is possible. The chemical composition is expressed in terms of seven components: ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, elementary
carbon, primary inorganic compounds, primary organic compounds and secondary organic compounds. Calculated PM10 concentrations and chemical composition are presented for two summer months of the year 2003 (1 July to 31 August). 相似文献
135.
We describe the development and parameterization of a grid-based model of African savanna vegetation processes. The model
was developed with the objective of exploring elephant effects on the diversity of savanna species and structure, and in this
formulation concentrates on the relative cover of grass and woody plants, the vertical structure of the woody plant community,
and the distribution of these over space. Grid cells are linked by seed dispersal and fire, and environmental variability
is included in the form of stochastic rainfall and fire events. The model was parameterized from an extensive review of the
African savanna literature; when available, parameter values varied widely. The most plausible set of parameters produced
long-term coexistence between woody plants and grass, with the tree–grass balance being more sensitive to changes in parameters
influencing demographic processes and drought incidence and response, while less sensitive to fire regime. There was considerable
diversity in the woody structure of savanna systems within the range of uncertainty in tree growth rate parameters. Thus,
given the paucity of height growth data regarding woody plant species in southern African savannas, managers of natural areas
should be cognizant of different tree species growth and damage response attributes when considering whether to act on perceived
elephant threats to vegetation. 相似文献
136.
We present a new mathematical programming framework that is adaptable to a variety of spatially explicit landscape problems
in environmental investment, conservation, and land-use planning, transport planning, and agriculture. As part of capturing
spatial interdependencies, the framework considers decision variables at two levels, finely spaced grid cells and landholdings.
We applied the framework to an environmental investment problem using objective functions representing biodiversity and carbon
sequestration. We also tested the model to optimize the path of a road through part of the landscape. Using the Nambucca case
study in eastern Australia, we applied a hybrid greedy randomised adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to find solutions to the
model. 相似文献
137.
Suspended sediment and nutrient loadings from agricultural watersheds have lead to habitat degradation in Lake Takkobu. To examine their relationships with land-use activities, we monitored sediment, nutrient and water discharges into the lake for a 1-year sampling period. The Takkobu River contributed the largest portion of the annual water discharge into the lake, compared with the other tributaries. During dry conditions, lake water flowed into the Kushiro River, and conversely during flooding, Kushiro River water flowed into the lake. Inflows from the Kushiro River had a high proportion of inorganic matter, with high concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, attributed to agricultural land-use development and stream channelization practiced since the 1960s in the Kushiro Mire. Nutrient loadings from these two rivers were significantly higher during flooding than in dry conditions. However, there was no clear correlation between river discharge and nutrient concentrations. Since land-use activities in the Kushiro River and Takkobu River watersheds were concentrated near rivers, nutrients easily entered the drainage system under low flow conditions. In contrast, water discharged from small, forest-dominated watersheds contained a low proportion of inorganic matter, and low nutrient concentrations. The suspended sediment delivered to the lake during the sample period was estimated as approximately 607 tons, while the total nitrogen and total phosphorus inflows were about 10,466 and 1,433 kg, respectively. Suspended sediment input into the lake was 65%, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 40% and 48%, respectively, being delivered by the Kushiro River. 相似文献
138.
Charles S. Tapiero 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2005,9(4):201-206
Conclusion In this paper we have considered a specific environmental game emphasizing both control-prevention efforts and the propensity to pollute by a firm which adopts a given pollution abatement technology. A random payoff game was constructed and solved under a risk neutral assumption and quadratic utilities for both the firm and the environmental controller. The game thus defined, provides a wide range of interpretations and potential approaches for selecting a control-inspection policies to prevent environmental risks. There are of course many facets to this problem, which could be considered and have not been considered in sufficient depth. For example, more complex control mechanisms and liabilities, the effects of insurance and risk sharing, the application of cooperative efforts and subvention of pollution abatement investments (through tax incentives and their like), etc. have not been considered [5,7]. These are topics for further research. The basic presumption of this paper is that it is very difficult to fully enforce pollution prevention by firms, as a result, some controls are needed to ensure that firms be controlled so that appropriate efforts are carried. 相似文献
139.
140.
Xinye Wang Yaji Huang Miaomiao Niu Yongxing Wang Changqi Liu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2016,18(2):287-295
The thermodynamic equilibrium of trace lead during the waste incineration was calculated on the basis of the minimization of the total Gibbs energy. The effect of incineration condition and MSW components on Pb distribution was investigated mainly in the view of the interaction of related elements. In the oxygen-rich condition, incineration temperature affects Pb distribution by the interaction of Cl, Ca and Na. In the fuel-rich condition, incineration temperature affects Pb distribution directly by the thermal transition of PbS(s) to PbCl(g) and the thermal transition of PbCl(g) to Pb(g). Air ratio has significant effect on Pb distribution by the interaction of H, O and Cl. The liberated Cl in oxidizing condition is far less than that in reducing condition. Na has the top priority to bond with Cl, than Ca only at low temperature and H only at high temperature, so the effect of Cl on Pb distribution depends on the content of Na and Ca. S promotes Pb volatilization by the interaction with Na in oxygen-rich and chlorine-poor condition and depresses Pb volatilization by the formation of PbS(s) directly without interaction with other elements in fuel-rich condition. 相似文献