消除及回收烟气中SO2的糠醛渣活性炭研究

利用糠醛渣废料研制成一种新型改质炭(简称渣炭),采用温度程序脱附(TPD),色谱质谱连用(GC-MS),比表面测定(BET),静态与动态吸附以及二氧化硫氧化反应等方法,对渣炭的物化性质进行表征,并与几种商品炭进行比较;考察其反应条件,表明该渣炭无需添加任何活性组分便具有良好的脱硫性能,适用于烟气脱硫制酸过程。认为渣炭上某些羟基及羰基表面基团是脱硫活性中心,丰富的中孔有利于反应扩散。在烟气量5000Nm~3/h的中试装置上,于空速500h~(-1)。入口烟温70℃以及二氧化硫浓度1500—2500ppm的条件下,对工业放大渣炭进行验证,连续累计操作6000多小时,二氧化硫消除率约70％及副产硫酸的浓度约30％,并且,该渣炭的成本可以比碘炭降低40％左右。     

杭州市灰霾天气基本特征及成因分析

根据浙江省近50年的灰霾天气统计数据,总结了浙江省灰霾天气特征。以杭州市为例,从杭州市地形地貌、气候因素和污染物排放因素3方面分析了杭州市灰霾天气成因,介绍了杭州市大气颗粒物污染特征及源解析。结果表明,杭州市灰霾天气频率显著升高,污染物排放是导致灰霾天气发生频率升高的直接原因,杭州市大气颗粒物中以细微颗粒物为主,大气污染类型已从煤烟型污染转变成复合型污染。结合杭州市大气污染现状,初步提出了灰霾天气防控对策。     

Dynamic changes in functional gene copy numbers and microbial communities during degradation of pyrene in soils

This study investigates the dynamics of pyrene degradation rates, microbial communities, and functional gene copy numbers during the incubation of pyrene-spiked soils. Spiking pyrene to the soil was found to have negligible effects on the bacterial community present. Our results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in nidA gene copy numbers between sampling dates in QZ soil. Mycobacterium 16S rDNA clone libraries showed that more than 90% mycobacteria detected were closely related to fast-growing PAH-degrading Mycobacterium in pyrene-spiked soil, while other sequences related to slow-growing Mycobacterium were only detected in the control soil. It is suggested that nidA gene copy number and fast-growing PAH-degrading Mycobacterium could be used as indicators to predict pyrene contamination and its degradation activity in soils.     

Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured from 2007 to 2010 at the center of Shanghai, China. Because VOCs are important precursors for ozone photochemical formation, detailed information of VOC sources needs to be investigated. The results show that the measured VOC concentrations in Shanghai are dominated by alkanes (43%) and aromatics (30%), following by halo-hydrocarbons (14%) and alkenes (6%). Based on the measured VOC concentrations, a receptor model (PMF; positive matrix factorization) coupled with the information related to VOC sources (the distribution of major industrial complex, meteorological conditions, etc.) is applied to identify the major VOC sources in Shanghai. The result shows that seven major VOC sources are identified by the PMF method, including (1) vehicle related source which contributes to 25% of the measured VOC concentrations, (2) solvent based industrial source to 17%, (3) fuel evaporation to 15%, (4) paint solvent usage to 15%, (5) steel related industrial production to 12%, (6) biomass/biofuel burning to 9%, and (7) coal burning to 7%. Furthermore, ozone formation potential related to VOC sources is calculated by the MIR (maximum incremental reactivity) technique. The most significant VOC source for ozone formation potential is solvent based industrial sources (27%), paint solvent usage (24%), vehicle related emissions (17%), steel related industrial productions (14%), fuel evaporations (9%), coal burning (6%), and biomass/biofuel burning (3%). The weekend effect on the VOC concentrations shows that VOC concentrations are generally higher in the weekdays than in the weekends at the sampling site, suggesting that traffic conditions and human activities have important impacts on the VOC emissions in Shanghai.     

从说课看高职高专院校学情

高职高专学生由于特定的生理和心理特点,在选修体育课程过程中出现随群现象,学习积极性不高。通过说课对高职高专院校的学情加以分析,以便科学地、有目地、有针对性地安排教学内容,增强学生的自信心,提高他们的心理素质和身体素质。     

Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) together with sediment properties in the surface sediments of the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin

The spatial distribution and potential source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface sediments from Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canada Basin and the relationship between PCBs and sedimentary properties including grain size, water content, loss on ignition, total organic carbon, and black carbon were explored. ΣPCBs (the sum of the detected PCB congeners) concentrations fluctuated in the study area, ranging from 22-150, 60-640 and 24-600 pg g(-1) dry weight for the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canada Basin. A similar homologue pattern was observed at different locations, with tri-chlorinated PCBs being the dominant homologue, implying that the PCBs came mainly from the atmospheric transportation and deposition and ocean current transportation. No apparent co-relationships between PCB concentrations and sediment properties were obtained, indicating that the distribution of PCBs was not only controlled by their source, but also by the multi-factors such as atmospheric transport and depositing, mixing, partitioning and sorption in the water column and sediments.     

巢湖湖岸砂石的磷吸附特性研究

以巢湖湖岸上富含铁、铝、锰等元素的砂石为实验材料,研究其对水体中磷的吸附效果。实验表明:在砂石对磷的吸附过程中,同时存在着物理吸附和化学吸附,且以化学吸附作用为主,符合准二级动力学模型;砂石对磷的作用与溶液初始磷浓度有关,磷释放与吸附的临界浓度点约为0.04 mg/L;砂石对磷的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,最大吸附量约为1 428.57 mg/kg,对磷的吸附效果比普通沙石要好,且经济易得。     

磷酸活化石墨的氧还原特性以及用于微生物燃料电池阴极

研究了磷酸活化对石墨电极上氧还原反应的影响,并考察了磷酸活化石墨材料应用于微生物燃料电池阴极的可行性。首先以循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法考察了经磷酸活化的石墨材料的氧还原能力,发现经质量分数为85%磷酸活化12 h后其氧还原能力最强;然后将活化石墨材料应用于微生物燃料电池的阴极,进行极化曲线和功率密度曲线的测定。结果表明,磷酸活化阴极微生物燃料电池的最大功率密度可达7.92 W/m3,为未活化石墨阴极微生物燃料电池的3.4倍;同时进行了电化学比表面积的测定及FTIR的分析测定,结果表明,磷酸活化石墨颗粒的比表面积(7.716m2/g)较未活化颗粒(10.940 m2/g)略有减小,但其表面官能团的数量和种类发生了很大变化。表面官能团的变化可能是导致石墨材料氧还原能力增强及MFCs产电性能提高的重要原因。     

铁炭微电解预处理高浓度高盐制药废水

采用铁炭微电解法预处理高浓度高盐制药废水,并对反应条件、处理效果、反应动力学和机理进行研究。通过单因素实验初步研究进水pH、铁用量、反应时间和铁炭比对处理效果的影响;通过正交实验表明进水pH对处理效果影响最大,并得到最佳反应条件为:进水pH为4.5,铁投加量40 g/L,铁炭质量比1∶1,反应时间4 h,COD去除率可达40%以上,并可以提高废水的可生化性,后续通过厌氧生物处理出水可达二级污水综合排放标准。通过对各级反应动力学方程进行回归分析,表明微电解处理制药废水基本遵循一级反应动力学。铁炭微电解处理制药废水效果好,并可以提高可生化性,同时具有操作简单和成本低的优点,为制药废水的预处理提供新的途径。     

基于信息熵的灰色模型在地质灾害评价中的应用——以四川青川县为例

地质灾害的发生是由地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、气象条件和人类工程活动等诸多因素综合作用的结果,依靠知识与监测无法完全认识其复杂的演变机制,是一种典型的"灰色系统"。基于灰色理论的模型在区域地质灾害危险性评价中得到了广泛的应用,但是由于地质灾害的复杂性,这种以模型为核心的评价方法难以抽象或概化出模型所需的条件,因此出现了评价方与评价对象之间的"不兼容"现象。传统的方法是利用人为的主观判断来获取评价模型所需的条件,不可避免地带来评价的随意性与主观性。通过引入信息熵理论,对传统的灰色模型进行修正,建立了基于信息熵的灰色模型,很好地解决了这个问题。以四川青川县为例,对该模型的正确性进行了应用,取得了较好的效果。