水功能区划在流域排污权初始分配中的应用——以沙颖河流域为例

排污权交易是治理环境污染问题的有效手段,排污权初始分配则是排污权交易制度实施的基础,在流域水功能区划基础上研究排污权初始分配问题,将有助于流域排污权交易制度的有效实施.结合我国现行行政特征和流域水功能区划成果,以行政单元作为排污权初始分配主体开展排污权初始分配研究.选取沙颍河流域为例,根据淮河水利委员会制定的沙颍河流域水功能区划及COD、氨氮限排总量要求,以COD、氨氮作为排污权初始分配的客体,通过等比例削减方法对沙颍河流域内的行政单元进行了排污权初始分配,得到了流域内各行政单元的COD、氨氮初始排放权,并将分配结果与区域社会经济发展水平等进行了比较研究,研究认为将水功能区划应用于排污权初始分配研究是一种有效的尝试.在此基础上探讨了关于排污权初始分配的政策可行性、初始分配的方法及地方政府定位等几方面问题,目的在于为将来的排污权分配研究工作提供一些思考和建议.     

煤矸石自燃机理及其防治技术研究

煤矸石是我国最大的工业固体废弃物,煤矸石自燃是矿区主要的环境问题之一。并系统分析煤矸石的自燃机理,提出预防为主,防治为辅的对策,并重点介绍几种行之有效的煤矸石自燃的防治技术。     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4％;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值928％;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足（DO＝0.8～1.5 mg/L）条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

家用洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以洗衣粉中的有机磷为磷源,通过室内模拟的方法研究在不同磷浓度的水体条件下斜生栅藻的生长情况,以及磷对斜生栅藻的生长是否有毒害作用.通过显微计数测定藻细胞数目来探讨洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响;同时分析了洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻96 h生长期中光合色素的影响.结果表明,洗衣粉中的磷除了促进藻生长外,其浓度过低或过高都会抑制藻的生长.由实验结果可得,磷对藻生长的富营养化作用和毒性作用取决于磷浓度的高低.     

增强环境影响评价公众参与有效性的研究

本文结合《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》的内容和要求,根据从事环境影响评价的工作经验,提出当前环评中公众参与存在的信息公开及听证主体不尽合理等问题,并加以分析。针对如何更好地做好公众参与工作,提出诸如扩大并完善公众可以参与评价的方式和媒体参与等一系列对策建议。     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌的分离及生理特性研究

本文从四川自贡盐厂卤水污泥中，分离出一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌。菌体为短杆状，０．９－１．１×２．０－２．５μｍ，革兰氏染色阴性，形成芽孢，不含脱硫孤菌素。固体培养基上无Ｆｅ２＋时，菌落为半透明状；有Ｆｅ２＋时菌落为黑色，直径为１－３ｍｍ。利用乳酸盐作为碳源，利用乙酸盐时必须添加生长因子。能在５％－２５％（Ｗ／Ｖ）Ｎａｃｌ浓度范围内生长，最适生长浓度为９％－１３％（Ｗ／Ｖ）。最适生长温度为３５℃。最适生长ｐＨ值为７．０．根据形态和生理生化特征，该菌为脱硫肠状菌属，但与该属已报导的硫酸盐还原菌在嗜盐、碳源利用、最适生长温度以及其它一些特征上均有不同，因此可能是个新种。该菌是目前已报道的嗜盐浓度最高的硫酸盐还原菌。     

不同类型电镀液中阴离子的离子色谱法检测

采用抑制型电导离子色谱法检测电镀液中的常见阴离子.色谱条件是: IonPac AS11-HC阴离子交换色谱柱,淋洗液自动发生装置在线产生KOH梯度淋洗,抑制型电导检测.检测限(S/N=3)在0.29-15.3 μg·l-1,阴离子F-,Cl-,MSA-,NO-3,SO2-4,PO3-4和CrO2-4的线性范围均在两个数量级以上,RSD在5%以下,回收率为92%-110%,具有灵敏度高,选择性好,重现性佳等特点,用于实际样品的检测,结果令人满意.     

固定化解脂耶氏酵母处理油脂废水研究

利用海藻酸钙包埋固定的解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)分别降解以色拉油为惟一碳源和以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的污水,结果表明,在最佳处理条件下,固定化细胞在50 h内,能较好地降解废水中浓度为2 000 mg/L的色拉油和浓度为2 000 mg/L 的COD,降解率都在80%以上;固定化细胞对色拉油、COD降解效率随着时间的延长而增加、随着底物浓度的增加而下降;与未固定菌株相比,固定化细胞有着更好的储存稳定性和可重复使用性,结果进一步提示固定化解脂耶氏酵母适于含油废水以及高COD含量的生活污水处理。     

Biomarker responses and reproductive toxicity of the effluent from a Chinese large sewage treatment plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of the effluent from a large sewage treatment plant (GBD-STP) in Beijing. Japanese medakas (Oryzias latipes) at reproduction active period were exposed to a serial of graded concentrations of the effluent or 100 ng l-1 of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, positive control). Growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), reproductive success, induction potency of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish and that of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity (EROD) in male fish liver were used as test endpoints. The growth suppression of fish was observed in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significant differences in both body length and body weight of medaka above 5% effluent. This effluent can inhibit the growth of gonad of medakas and are more sensitive to male than to female. At exposure concentration of 40% and higher, there was an unexpected decrease of HSI values, which may be resulted from sub-lethal toxicity of effluent to fish liver. VTG of plasma in males were induced in all exposure concentration levels, but not in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 5% effluent would be the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) affecting reproductive success when examining fertile individuals, fecundity and fertilization rate. The overt CYP1A response and higher reproductive toxicity may be indicative of low process efficiency of this STP.