环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度,探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求,循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱,可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作,确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案,探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

整全,互动和可持续的EIA：香港上水屠宰场的例案研究

以香港上水屠宰场的ＥＩＡ为例,阐述了ＥＩＡ过程须结合“清洁工艺”、“环境管理系统”、“持续生的本底监测”和“开放的公众咨询”四个重要单元,互动灵活,以增强环保效益、省时及经济。传统的ＥＩＡ较为被动,如果项目“倡议人”缺乏环保意识,就会妨碍了它的实质功能。通行的末期性公众咨询,很容易激发冲突,与西方冗长的公众参与同样妨碍进度。文章探讨互动式ＥＩＡ的优点,论证它对改善环评工序和可持续发展的重要性。     

螺旋藻和菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水

利用螺旋藻、由真菌和螺旋藻组成的菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,旨在为啤酒废水的资源化利用提供一条可行的途径。由螺旋藻和真菌形成的菌丝球组成菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,与螺旋藻单独处理废水作对比,比较两者的废水净化效果以及螺旋藻的生长情况。从2组实验对比情况来看,菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水的处理效果更好。螺旋藻和菌．藻共生系统对啤酒废水中几种主要污染物的去除率分别为：COD70．59％和77．81％,TN70．17％和84．28％,TP37．99％和50．88％。螺旋藻在废水中生长积累的蛋白质含量最高可达49．71％,明显高于在Zarrouk培养基中的螺旋藻蛋白含量（38．57％）。研究结果表明,螺旋藻及菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水有较好的净化作用,所得螺旋藻生物质可用于加工饲料、饵料、色素的提取等。     

地表水自动监测网数据自动审核的创新与实践

在地表水质量自动监测网络的质量保证管理中,山东省省、市两级监控中心使用计算机数据审核系统对监测数据进行实时监控和质量控制,创新地实现了对监测数据有效性的自动判别、监测网的运行情况自动评价等自动化质控措施。     

Photochemistry of a major commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant congener: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153)

The photochemistry of a major commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant congener, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153), was investigated in acetonitrile, distilled water, and seawater. After a short irradiation period in acetonitrile at 302 nm, the major photoproducts of BDE153 included 2,2',4,4',5-(BDE99), 2,2',4,5,5'-(BDE101), and 2,4,4',5,5'-(BDE118) substituted penta-BDEs as primary photohydrodebromination products, 2,2',4,4'-(BDE47), 3,3',4,4'-(BDE77), 2,3',4,4'-(BDE66), and 2,2',4,5'-(BDE49) substituted tetra-BDEs as secondary photohydrodebromination products, a suite of non-2,3,7,8-substituted mono- through penta-brominated dibenzofurans, and three tetrabrominated 2-hydroxybiphenyl congeners. By comparison, irradiation in distilled water and seawater gave increased relative photohydrodebromination contributions and no evidence for the formation of brominated dibenzofurans or 2-hydroxybiphenyls. In all solvent systems, subsequent degradation of primary and secondary photoproducts under continuing irradiation led to a steadily decreasing reaction mass balance. The results suggest a short photochemical half-life for BDE153 in aquatic systems, with rapid photohydrodebromination to some of the most prevalent penta- and tetra-brominated diphenyl ether congeners typically observed in environmental matrices.     

舱外设备箱体模拟海洋大气环境中的加速腐蚀试验与结果分析

目的 研究模拟海洋大气环境对舱外设备箱体腐蚀行为的影响,为快速评价舱外设备箱体原材料、原结构、原表面技术状态改进优劣提供技术和方法支撑。方法 根据XX舱外设备箱体实际服役环境剖面、腐蚀损伤状况,制定含海水模拟、湿热、维护保养及检查阶段等3个模块的实验室模拟海洋大气环境加速谱,运用外观、扫描电镜（SEM）、金相显微镜、X射线能谱（EDS）等表征技术,研究设备箱体在12个循环周期的宏微观形貌和腐蚀产物元素含量分布,并对标准金属铝和钢的同步实验室试验与XX近海户外自然环境下的腐蚀效应进行对比。结果 12个循环周期结束后,底座铝合金严重腐蚀,呈现明显的晶间腐蚀,并产生大量腐蚀产物,腐蚀产物主要含有O、Na、Al、Si、Cl、Ca、Mn、Fe等元素,其腐蚀形貌及程度与实际服役5 a的底座一致。标准金属铝和钢加速试验120 d的腐蚀效应分别等效XX近海大气试验4.65 a和10.57 a。结论 海水模拟、湿热、维护保养及检查阶段等3个模块的实验室模拟循环试验能较好地模拟XX舱外设备箱体经历的环境,其腐蚀与实际服役环境下的腐蚀程度相近,实现了基于短期内完成3～5 a的海洋运行验证。     

河北省农村城镇化对生态环境的影响及对策研究

当前河北省农村城镇化进入了快速发展的时期,由于规划不合理、传统经济增长方式制约、基础设施薄弱等原因,出现了自然资源的浪费和耗竭,以及严重的环境污染问题。因此各级政府须科学合理规划、切实推进农村城镇化,转变农村传统经济增长方式,加大对农村环境基础设施建设的资金投入,同时也要加强对农村居民生态环境保护的教育。     

Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the mires in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Mires in boreal area had proved to be an important dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reserve for the sensitivity to climate change and human interfering. The study was focused on the temporal and spatial dynamics and controlling factors of DOC in a seasonallywaterlogged mire (SLM) and perennially-waterlogged mire (PLM) in the Sanjiang Plain, Northest China. In the two mires, DOC concentrations in both surface water and upper soil strata experienced pronounced seasonal variation. DOC concentrations in the surface waters were the greatest and averagely was 47.82 in SLM and 34.84 mg/L and PLM, whereas that in soil water at 0.3-m depth had little di erence (20.25 mg/L in SLM and 26.51 mg/L in PLM). Results revealed that DOC concentrations declined 5–8 times vertically from the surface down to groundwater. DOC in the groundwater only was in a very small part with the average concentration of 5.18 mg/L. In relation to the surface water, DOC concentrations varied positively with temperature just before 8 August, and only in early spring and later autumn DOC concentrations exhibited identifiable spatial trends along with standing water depths in PLM. It was supposed that the influences from standing water depth took e ect only in conditions of low temperature, and temperature should be the most powerful factor controlling DOC dynamics in the mires. Redox potential (Red) showed negative relationship with DOC values while total nitrogen (TN) and the majority of free ions in the soil solution exhibited no relationship. High soil TOC/TN ratio and low redox potentials also led to DOC accumulation in the mires in the Sanjiang Plain.     

感潮河段水环境容量总量控制方案的研究

以西江干流南海段为例,建立了考虑横向扩散的二维非恒定对流扩散水质模型。根据感潮河流水环境容量的特点,确定求解容量的因素。在此基础上,用线性规划法来求解研究河段水环境容量,并提出了相应的水环境规划方案。结果表明,该河段还有大量的COD容量剩余,可根据产业结构及工业布局调整的需要,在保证区域内总量控制目标实现的前提下,在西江沿岸适当配置一些有废水排放的建设项目。     

广州市城市污泥处理方法

介绍了水泥窑协同处理城市污泥技术、利用城市污泥生产有机肥技术、城市污泥新型压滤机深度脱水技术及污泥改性技术,分析了它们的工艺特点、存在问题、对策及城市污泥处理处置的趋势。认为应当采用多种技术使城市污泥无害化与资源化,在自然界中应建立城市污泥的健康循环,使城市环境可持续发展。