沈阳市热岛动态及其影响因子分析

对沈阳市1960-2006年的热岛效应及其驱动机制分析表明：沈阳市热岛强度表现为春季最大,夏、冬季次之,秋季最小。春、夏、秋、冬季热岛强度的年均值分别为1.0℃,0.8℃,0.6℃和0.7℃,其热岛强度增幅分别为0.23℃/10 a、0.33℃/10 a、0.30℃/10 a和0.23℃/10 a。沈阳市热岛强度的年均值达0.84℃,增幅为0.27℃/10 a。驱动沈阳市热岛强度的主要因素为城市人口数量（相关系数r=0.88）和城市绿地覆盖率。当城市绿地覆盖率超过30%时,城市热岛强度与城市绿地面积呈负相关,相关系数r=-0.74。     

Sequestration of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions by chemically treated rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder(an agricultural waste) was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution was evaluated.The interactions between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDX).The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH,adsorbent dosage,initial lead concentration and contact time were studied.The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4-5.Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g,almost 100% of Pb(Ⅱ) ions(23 mg/L) could be removed.The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time,and relatively a short period of time(60-90 min) was required to reach equilibrium.The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir,Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms.Based on Langmuir model,the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g.Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order,pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process,and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.     

基于HAZOP的保护层分析技术研究

介绍了“基于HAZOP的保护层分析技术”的工艺安全管理新模式。在此基础上,利用该方法对水煤浆气化装置进行了分析,识别出了装置存在的重大工艺危险,提出对策建议,对整个装置重大工艺安全事故的预防提供了有力的技术支持。     

大型原油储库自动消防系统组成及结构原理

大型原油储库自动消防系统由前端报警设备、自控系统、工业电视监控系统、泡沫发生系统和执行机构等5部分组成,对5个组成部分的原理进行了简要描述。     

实施HAZOP分析控制重大工艺安全事故(Ⅱ)

分析了在中国实施危险与可操作性分析（Hazard and Operability,HAZOP）技术的可行性,提出了推广建议。     

汶川地震产生的应变场和位移场

2008年5月12日汶川地震明显改变了区域地震的应变场.理解这种应变场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要.本研究以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震在近处造成的位移场和应变场.结果表明:该地震使得水平位移场断层南端的近乎东向运动逐渐转变为断层北端的东北向运动.震源附近有米级的位移量级.垂直分量与该地震的震源机制一致,西北盘上升、东南盘下降.断层附近的最大剪应变达3.2e-5,并随距断层的距离很快衰减.平均应变显示断层南部和中部主要表现为压缩,北部表现为拉张.     

Sustainable wood-based nanotechnologies for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aquatic environment

•Wood and its reassemblies are ideal substrates to develop novel photocatalysts. •Synthetic methods and mechanisms of wood-derived photocatalysts are summarized. •Advances in wood-derived photocatalysts for organic pollutant removal are summed up. •Metal doping, morphology control and semiconductor coupling methods are highlighted. •Structure-activity relationship and catalytic mechanism of photocatalysts are given. Wood-based nanotechnologies have received much attention in the area of photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in aquatic environment in recent years, because of the high abundance and renewability of wood as well as the high reaction activity and unique structural features of these materials. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the current research activities centering on the development of wood-based nanocatalysts for photodegradation of organic pollutants. This review begins with a brief introduction of the development of photocatalysts and hierarchical structure of wood. The review then focuses on strategies of designing novel photocatalysts based on wood or its recombinants (such as 1D fiber, 2D films and 3D porous gels) using advanced nanotechnology including sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, magnetron sputtering method, dipping method and so on. Next, we highlight typical approaches that improve the photocatalytic property, including metal element doping, morphology control and semiconductor coupling. Also, the structure-activity relationship of photocatalysts is emphasized. Finally, a brief summary and prospect of wood-derived photocatalysts is provided.     

磷输入对沼泽湿地小叶章枯落物分解过程酶活性的影响

在三江平原沼泽湿地布置外源磷输入小区,选取典型湿地植物小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia枯落物为研究对象,采用分解袋法,研究了不同梯度外源磷输入(CK:0;P1:1.2 g·m-2·a-1;P2:4.8 g·m-2·a-1;P3:9.6 g·m-2·a-1)对小叶章枯落物分解过程中酶活性的影响.结果表明,在小叶章枯落物分解前期,低磷输入(P1)抑制了蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,继续分解的过程中则极显著促进了二者的酶活性(P<0.01),而低磷输入对淀粉酶活性的影响则与之相反;中磷输入(P2)在小叶章枯落物分解的整个过程都促进了蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性,对脲酶活性除在分解65 d时有抑制,其他时期均提高了其酶活性;高磷输入(P3)均提高了枯落物分解后期的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,其对淀粉酶活性的影响无明显规律;3种磷输入均显著抑制了酸性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01).     

Different sources of rural household energy consumption and influencing factors in Dazu,China

Rural household energy consumption is an important component of national energy consumption. This paper explores the rural household energy consumption status and influencing factors on different sources of rural household energy consumption in western China. Using data from a survey of 240 households conducted in 2017, this study finds that rural households’ energy consumption structure in the study area is a combination of traditional biomass energy and commercial energy sources. Fuelwood is the most commonly used fuel in the study area, while modern energy sources only occupy a low proportion. Rural household energy consumption is influenced by various factors. Individual perceptions of climate change, social trust and networks, and households’ socio-economic and demographic factors (gender, age, education, income per capita, household size, household location, and number of household appliances) are identified as having significant effects on rural households’ consumption of biomass and commercial energies. The research results provide implications for policy makers to formulate related rural energy policies to improve the rural energy consumption structure and future energy policy design in China and other developing countries.

     

Pyrolysis temperature influences ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil

The biochars were prepared from straws of canola, corn, soybean, and peanut at different temperatures of 300, 500, and 700 °C by means of oxygen-limited pyrolysis. Amelioration effects of these biochars on an acidic Ultisol were investigated with incubation experiments, and application rate of biochars was 10 g/kg. The incorporation of these biochars induced the increase in soil pH, soil exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity and the decrease in soil exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al. The ameliorating effects of biochars on acidic soil increased with increase in their pyrolysis temperature. The contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochars to their ameliorating effects on the acidic soil decreased with the rise in pyrolysis temperature, while the contribution from carbonates in the biochars changed oppositely. The incorporation of the biochars led to the decrease in soil reactive Al extracted by 0.5 mol/L CuCl₂, and the content of reactive Al was decreased with the increase in pyrolysis temperature of incorporated biochars. The biochars generated at 300 °C increased soil organically complexed Al due to ample quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxylic and phenolic groups on the biochars, while the biochars generated at 500 and 700 °C accelerated the transformation of soil exchangeable Al to hydroxyl-Al polymers due to hydrolysis of Al at higher pH. Therefore, the crop straw-derived biochars can be used as amendments for acidic soils and the biochars generated at relatively high temperature have great ameliorating effects on the soils.