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341.
运用"HAZOP+LOPA+风险矩阵"复合式风险分析技术,对金陵分公司常减压装置进行危险辨识和风险分析,识别装置存在的主要问题和隐患,并对HAZOP技术应用中存在的适应性问题进行了探讨,对装置风险控制提出了针对性的建议措施,为装置的"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供指导。  相似文献   
342.
基于河流环境系统中随机性、模糊性等多种不确定信息共存的特性,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟三角模糊数,并将其应用到沉积物重金属污染评价领域,通过将各重金属实测含量及地球化学背景值三角模糊化,然后进行随机模拟,并结合各等级概率水平加权进行综合污染等级分析,建立了基于随机模拟与三角模糊数(SS-TFN)理论的沉积物重金属地累积指数评价模型.采用该模型对湘江长沙段沉积物中重金属污染状况进行评价.结果表明,Cd的污染程度最大,处于严重污染级别;其次为Zn和Hg,处于重度污染级别,并有向严重污染恶化的趋势;而其他重金属污染程度则较低.相对于确定性评价方法,该模型能够得出评价区域重金属地累积指数的可能值区间及其相应的概率水平,客观真实地综合表征沉积物中重金属分布及污染情况,为科学决策提供更多全面合理的信息.  相似文献   
343.
Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.  相似文献   
344.
The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.  相似文献   
345.
Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.  相似文献   
346.
生物陶粒处理深圳水库水的试验研究   总被引:15,自引:5,他引:15  
利用生物陶粒对深圳水库水进行了生物预处理现场试验研究,试验结果表明,生物陶粒能有效地降低水中的NO2-N、NH3-N、OC、浊度、色度、Mn和藻类,在工作滤速为4m/h,气水比为1:1的条件下平均去除率分别为90.8%,84%、21.4%62%、47%、89%和68%,是解决水源水微污染问题有效的预单元工艺。  相似文献   
347.
温榆河沉积物中6种雌激素的存在状况   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
为了调查温榆河沉积物中雌激素物质的污染状况,采用超卢萃取、GC/MS法研究了6种常用雌激素(包括己烯雌酚DES、雌酮E1、雌二醇E2、乙炔基雌二醇EE2、雌三醇E3和戊酸雌二醇EV)在北京温榆河上游及干流表层沉积物中的含量水平,并对其分布及来源情况进行了分析.结果显示,温榆河沉积物中6种雌激素的总含量范围为0.39~36.6 ng/g,平均浓度为10.2ng/g,其中E1和E2在所有样点均有检出,并且在每个样点均表现出E1的浓度高于E2的浓度.其它4种雌激素只在部分样点有检出.6种雌激素的总含量与沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量呈显著正相关,结合采样点周边入河污染源分布情况,判断其主要来自沿岸入河排污口和污染支流.与国外已经有分析数据的研究区域相比.该河流中部分雌激素的含量处于中等或偏高水平.  相似文献   
348.
利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰作为固化剂有效稳定固化含重金属的工业污泥为目的,研究结果显示重金属污泥和城市垃圾焚烧飞灰所构建的固化体系具有很强的重金属束缚能力,增加飞灰的质量分数或者加入一定质量分数的水泥可以增加固化体的抗压强度以满足填埋需求。同时考虑抗压强度、浸出浓度和增容比等各方面的要求,当飞灰的质量分数45%,水泥的质量分数为5%,工业污泥的质量分数为50%是有效稳定固化重金属的最佳配比。对固化体微观结构分析显示:主要的水化产物硫铝酸钙(Aft)、Friedel相、水化硅酸钙(CSH)对稳定固化重金属起到了重要的作用。  相似文献   
349.
张瑞  刘操  孙德智  齐飞 《环境科学研究》2016,29(12):1872-1881
由于北京地区水资源严重紧缺,再生水作为补给城市河湖景观水体的重要水源,用量逐年加大,随之带来的水环境问题也引起关注,往往需要采用适宜的技术和工程改善水质.通过对北京城市部分再生水补给型河湖现有水质改善工程的调研,分析与评估北京市再生水补给城市河湖景观水体生态修复技术工程建设与运行效果,并与国内外河流、湖泊生态修复经典案例进行了对比分析.结果表明,修复工程受运行时间、季节及后续维护的影响,其运行效果不稳定且逐渐下降.受汛期降水充沛及水量人为调控影响,城市河湖6—9月水质较好;水质恶化时ρ(CODCr)为40~50 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为2~5 mg/L,ρ(TN)为10~15 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.4~1.0 mg/L.水力流动循环、循环过滤、化学除藻和生物调控等单项及相应组合技术是当前北京市再生水补给型河湖水质改善的主要手段.对于水质要求较高的再生水补给型河湖,可以考虑辅膜生物反应器或生物滤池等旁路生化组合工艺.与国外的整流域近自然水生态系统修复相比,我国河湖水生态修复更注重区域水质的改善,以控制水体富营养化为主;对流域生态系统修复的整体性与长效性关注不够,缺乏与园林景观的融合.为更好地发挥河湖水体生态修复工程效果,未来应在政策法规、协调管理及投融资机制等方面加大投入力度.   相似文献   
350.
Variation of haze events occurred in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) of China, the characteristics of meteorological elements and the vertical distribution of aerosols during haze episodes were analyzed by utilizing data of ground observation, radiosonde and CALIPSO. The results illustrate that the frequency of haze events between 1981 and 2010 peaked in winter but bottomed out in summer and decreased from north to south in the YRD region, reaching at the lowest point in "low frequency center" — Shanghai. When haze happened, the most seriously affected area was 2–4 km above the ground and the concentrated range of total backscattering coefficient(TBC) that decreased with altitude was 0.8 × 10~(-3)–2.5 × 10~(-3) km~(-1)·sr~(-1). Particulate depolarization ratio(PDR) was less than 40%in a large part and 93% aerosols over the YRD area were regular particles, while the irregular ones concentrated on 2 km above the surface and the irregularity rose up but the diversity diminished when altitude increased. Color ratio(CR) was lower than 1.2 mostly at all altitudes and distributed asymmetrically above the ground. Nearly 80% aerosols under10 km were fine particles(CR 1.0) and 22.54% coarse particles(CR 1.0) clustered at 2–4 km. Large particles(CR 1.2) aggregated in lower troposphere massively yet relatively smaller ones gathered in middle and upper troposphere. In the YRD region, aerosols with more powerful capabilities were wider and less regular than the ones of Northwestern China.  相似文献   
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